Ques-6
┌Ж╪з╪▒┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Б – ┘Ж╪╕╪з┘Е█М ╪╣╪▒┘И╪╢█М ╪│┘Е╪▒┘В┘Ж╪п█М
╪к╪╣╪з╪▒┘Б
┌Ж╪з╪▒┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Б╪М ╪м╪│█Т ┘Ж╪╕╪з┘Е█М ╪╣╪▒┘И╪╢█М ╪│┘Е╪▒┘В┘Ж╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪к╪н╪▒█М╪▒ ┌й█М╪з █Б█Т╪М ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█М ╪з█М┌й ╪з█Б┘Е ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘В╪п█М┘Е ╪к╪╡┘Ж█М┘Б █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪п╪и╪М ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М╪М ┘Б┘Д╪│┘Б█Б╪М ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪н┌й┘Е╪к ┌й█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ┘╛█Б┘Д┘И╪д┌║ ┘╛╪▒ ╪к┘Б╪╡█М┘Д ╪│█Т ╪▒┘И╪┤┘Ж█М ┌И╪з┘Д█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┌й┘И ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪п┘Ж█М╪з ┌й█Т ╪п█М┌п╪▒ ╪з╪п╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и┌╛█М ╪з█М┌й ╪з█Б┘Е ┘Е┘В╪з┘Е ╪н╪з╪╡┘Д █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█М ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ╪з┘В╪│╪з┘Е ┌й█М ╪к┘Б╪╡█М┘Д╪з╪к╪М ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪о╪╡┘И╪╡█М╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В█М ┘В┘И╪к┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪к╪┤╪▒█М╪н ┌й█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т█Ф
┘Ж╪╕╪з┘Е█М ╪╣╪▒┘И╪╢█М ╪│┘Е╪▒┘В┘Ж╪п█М ┌й╪з ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В ╪│┘Е╪▒┘В┘Ж╪п ╪│█Т ╪к┌╛╪з ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘И█Б ╪з█М┌й ┘Ж╪з┘Е┘И╪▒ ╪з╪п█М╪и ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒ ╪к┌╛█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪╡┘Ж█М┘Б ┌Ж╪з╪▒┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Б ┌й┘И ╪з█М┌й ┘Ж┘И╪╣█М╪к ┌й█М ╪з╪п╪и█М ╪з█М┘Ж╪│╪з╪ж█М┌й┘Д┘И ┘╛█М┌И█М╪з ╪│┘Е╪м┌╛╪з ╪м╪з╪к╪з █Б█Т ╪м╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█М ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ╪м█Б╪к┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪м╪з┘Е╪╣ ╪з┘Ж╪п╪з╪▓ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪з╪│ ╪╣╪╕█М┘Е ┌й╪з╪▒┘Ж╪з┘Е█Т ┘Ж█Т ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ┘Ж█М╪з ╪▒╪о ┘Е╪к╪╣╪з╪▒┘Б ┌й╪▒╪з█М╪з ╪з┘И╪▒ █М█Б ╪к╪╡┘Ж█М┘Б ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪м┘Е╪з┘Д█М╪з╪к ┌й█Т ╪н┘И╪з┘Д█Т ╪│█Т ╪з█М┌й ╪▒█Б┘Ж┘Е╪з╪ж█М ┌й█Т ╪╖┘И╪▒ ┘╛╪▒ ╪м╪з┘Ж█М ╪м╪з╪к█М █Б█Т█Ф
┌Ж╪з╪▒┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Б ┌й╪з ┘╛╪│ ┘Е┘Ж╪╕╪▒
┌Ж╪з╪▒┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Б ┌й┘И ╪п╪▒╪з╪╡┘Д ┘Ж╪╕╪з┘Е█М ╪╣╪▒┘И╪╢█М ╪│┘Е╪▒┘В┘Ж╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з█М┌й ╪з┘П╪│╪к╪з╪п╪з┘Ж█Б ╪╖╪▒█М┘В█Т ╪│█Т ┘Д┌й┌╛╪з █Б█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й╪з ┘Е┘В╪╡╪п ╪к┌╛╪з ┌й█Б ╪з╪п╪и ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ┌й█М ╪к╪╣┘Д█М┘Е ╪н╪з╪╡┘Д ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┘И╪з┘Д█Т ╪з┘Б╪▒╪з╪п ┌й┘И ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ┌п█Б╪▒╪з╪ж█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪о┘И╪и╪╡┘И╪▒╪к█М ╪│█Т ╪в┌п╪з█Б ┌й█М╪з ╪м╪з╪ж█Т█Ф █М█Б ┌й╪к╪з╪и ╪з┘П╪▒╪п┘И ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М╪М ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪з┘В┘И╪з┘Д╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ╪з╪п╪и█М ┘Б╪з╪▒┘Е┘╣╪│ ┌й█М ╪к┘Б╪╡█М┘Д ┘Б╪▒╪з█Б┘Е ┌й╪▒╪к█М █Б█Т╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ┌й┘И ┘И╪з╪╢╪н ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪з█М┌й ┘Е╪д╪л╪▒ ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Б ╪и┘Ж ┌Ж┌й█М █Б█Т█Ф
┌Ж╪з╪▒┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Б ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪м┘Е┘И╪╣█М ╪╖┘И╪▒ ┘╛╪▒ ┌Ж╪з╪▒ ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ┘Е┘И╪╢┘И╪╣╪з╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪и╪н╪л ┌й█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т ╪м┘Ж ┘Е█М┌║ ╪│█Т █Б╪▒ ╪з█М┌й ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█М ╪з█М┌й ╪з█Б┘Е ╪о╪╡┘И╪╡█М╪к █М╪з ╪м█Б╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪▒┘И╪┤┘Ж█М ┌И╪з┘Д╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф █М█Б ┌Ж╪з╪▒ ┘Е┘И╪╢┘И╪╣╪з╪к ╪п╪▒╪з╪╡┘Д ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█М ╪и┘Ж█М╪з╪п █Б█М┌║ ╪м┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к┘Б╪╡█М┘Д ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪п█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т█Ф ┘Ж╪╕╪з┘Е█М ╪╣╪▒┘И╪╢█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█М ╪к╪╣┘Д█М┘Е ┘И ╪к╪п╪▒█М╪│ ┌й┘И ╪з█М┌й ╪│┘Д█М╪│ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪м╪з┘Е╪╣ ╪з┘Ж╪п╪з╪▓ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М╪з █Б█Т╪М ╪м╪│█Т ╪в╪м ╪и┌╛█М ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█Т ╪╖┘Д╪и╪з╪б ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪п█М╪и ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ┌й╪з┘Е ┘Е█М┌║ ╪▒█Б┘Ж┘Е╪з╪ж█М ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪з╪│╪к╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д ┌й╪▒╪к█Т █Б█М┌║█Ф
┌Ж╪з╪▒┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Б ┌й█Т ┌Ж╪з╪▒ ┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Т
┌Ж╪з╪▒┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Б ┘Е█М┌║ ┌Ж╪з╪▒ ╪з█Б┘Е ┘Е┘И╪╢┘И╪╣╪з╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪к┘Б╪╡█М┘Д ╪│█Т ╪и╪з╪к ┌й█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т ╪м┘Ж█Б█М┌║ ┌Ж╪з╪▒ ┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Т ┌й█Б╪з ╪м╪з╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф █М█Б ┘Е┘И╪╢┘И╪╣╪з╪к █Б█М┌║:
- ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к ╪з╪│┌й╪з┘Ж█М
- ┌Ж┌п┘И┘Ж┌п█М ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒ ┘И ╪┤╪╣╪▒ ╪з┘И
- ╪и╪░┘Д█Б ┌п┘И╪ж█М ┘И ╪╖┘Ж╪▓
- ╪з╪╡┘Ж╪з┘Б ╪┤╪╣╪▒ ┘И ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М
1. ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к ╪з╪│┌й╪з┘Ж█М (╪н┌й╪з█М╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪│╪з╪п┌п█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪л╪▒╪з╪к)
┘Ж╪╕╪з┘Е█М ╪╣╪▒┘И╪╢█М ┘Ж█Т ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к ╪з╪│┌й╪з┘Ж█М ┘Е█М┌║ ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪│╪з╪п┌п█М╪М ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪з┘Ж╪п╪▒ ┘╛┘И╪┤█М╪п█Б ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Б┘Д╪│┘Б█М╪з┘Ж█Б ┘╛█М╪║╪з┘Е╪з╪к╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪з╪л╪▒╪з╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪▒┘И╪┤┘Ж█М ┌И╪з┘Д█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т ┌й█Б ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М╪з┌║ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█М ╪н┘В█М┘В╪к┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ┌й╪│ ╪╖╪▒╪н ╪з╪│ ╪з┘Ж╪п╪з╪▓ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘╛█М╪┤ ┌й╪▒╪к█М █Б█М┌║ ┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ╪о╪з╪╡ ╪к╪з╪л█М╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪л╪▒ █Б┘И╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к ┌й┘И ╪з█М┌й ┘Е┘И╪л╪▒ ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Б ╪к╪│┘Д█М┘Е ┌й█М╪з █Б█Т ╪м╪│ ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪з█Б┘Е ╪│╪и┘В ╪п█М█Т ╪м╪з ╪│┌й╪к█Т █Б█М┌║█Ф ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪к╪о█М┘Д ┌й┘И ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪п█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з╪│ ╪и╪з╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪и┌╛█М ╪▓┘И╪▒ ╪п█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т ┌й█Б ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█М ╪│┌Ж╪з╪ж█М┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪╕╪з█Б╪▒ ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┌й╪з ╪и█Б╪к╪▒█М┘Ж ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Б █Б█М┌║█Ф
2. ┌Ж┌п┘И┘Ж┌п█М ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒ ┘И ╪┤╪╣╪▒ ╪з┘И (╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒ ┌й█М ╪┤╪о╪╡█М╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й╪з ┌й┘Д╪з┘Е)
╪з╪│ ┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Ж╪╕╪з┘Е█М ╪╣╪▒┘И╪╢█М ┘Ж█Т ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒ ┌й█М ╪┤╪о╪╡█М╪к╪М ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪о█М╪з┘Д╪з╪к╪М ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В█М ┘В┘И╪к┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ┌й┘Д╪з┘Е ┌й█М ┘Ж┘И╪╣█М╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪и╪з╪к ┌й█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ╪┤╪╣╪▒ ┌й█М ╪к╪╣╪▒█М┘Б ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ╪з┘В╪│╪з┘Е ┌й┘И ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒ ┌й█М ╪▒┘И╪н╪з┘Ж█М╪к╪М ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪░█Б┘Ж█М ╪з╪▒╪к┘В╪з╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ┘Б┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪╣╪▒█М┘Б ┌й█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т█Ф ┘Ж╪╕╪з┘Е█М ┘Ж█Т ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ┌й█М ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В ┘Е█М┌║ █Б┘И┘Ж█Т ┘И╪з┘Д█Т ╪╣┘Е┘Д ┌й█М ╪к┘Б╪╡█М┘Д ┘Б╪▒╪з█Б┘Е ┌й█М █Б█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ╪и╪з╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪▓┘И╪▒ ╪п█М╪з █Б█Т ┌й█Б ╪з█М┌й ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒ ┌й█Т ┌й┘Д╪з┘Е ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪н╪╢ ┘Д┘Б╪╕┘И┌║ ┌й╪з ╪к┘И╪з╪▓┘Ж ┘Ж█Б█М┌║ ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ┌п█Б╪▒█М ╪│┘И┌Ж ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п┘Д ┌й█М ┌й█М┘Б█М╪к ╪и┌╛█М ┌Ж┌╛┘╛█М █Б┘И╪к█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ┌й█М ╪╖╪з┘В╪к ┌й┘И ╪к╪│┘Д█М┘Е ┌й█М╪з ╪з┘И╪▒ ┌й█Б╪з ┌й█Б ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒ ┌й╪з ┌й╪з┘Е ┘Е╪н╪╢ ╪з╪┤╪╣╪з╪▒ ┘Д┌й┌╛┘Ж╪з ┘Ж█Б█М┌║ █Б┘И╪к╪з ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ┘И█Б ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪з┘Ж╪п╪▒ ┌й█М ┌п█Б╪▒█М ╪м╪░╪и╪з╪к█М ┌й█М┘Б█М╪з╪к ┌й┘И ┘Д┘Б╪╕┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ╪╕╪з█Б╪▒ ┌й╪▒╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф
3. ╪и╪░┘Д█Б ┌п┘И╪ж█М ┘И ╪╖┘Ж╪▓ (╪╕╪▒╪з┘Б╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪к┘Ж┘В█М╪п)
╪з╪│ ╪и╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Ж╪╕╪з┘Е█М ╪╣╪▒┘И╪╢█М ┘Ж█Т ╪и╪░┘Д█Б ┌п┘И╪ж█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪╖┘Ж╪▓ ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪и╪з╪к ┌й█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т █М█Б ┘И╪╢╪з╪н╪к ┌й█М ┌й█Б ╪┤╪╣╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪╕╪▒╪з┘Б╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪╖┘Ж╪▓ ┌й╪з ╪з╪│╪к╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д ┌й█М╪│█Т ┌й█М╪з ╪м╪з╪к╪з █Б█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ┌й╪│ ╪╖╪▒╪н ╪│┌й┌╛╪з█М╪з ╪м╪з ╪│┌й╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ╪╖┘Ж╪▓ ┌й┘И ╪з█М┌й ╪з█Б┘Е ╪з╪п╪и█М ╪в┘Д█Б ┘В╪▒╪з╪▒ ╪п█М╪з ╪з┘И╪▒ ┌й█Б╪з ┌й█Б ╪╖┘Ж╪▓ ┌й╪│█М ╪и┌╛█М ┘Е╪╣╪з╪┤╪▒╪к█М╪М ╪│█М╪з╪│█М █М╪з ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ┘Ж┘В╪╡ ┌й┘И ╪з╪м╪з┌п╪▒ ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┌й╪з ╪з█М┌й ╪и█Б╪к╪▒█М┘Ж ╪╖╪▒█М┘В█Б █Б█Т█Ф ╪и╪░┘Д█Б ┌п┘И╪ж█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪╖┘Ж╪▓ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Д╪╖█М┘Б█М╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪░╪з╪к█М ╪н╪│┘Ж┘Р ╪░┘И┘В ┌й█М ╪╢╪▒┘И╪▒╪к █Б┘И╪к█М █Б█Т ╪к╪з┌й█Б ┘И█Б ╪з█М┌й ┘Е╪л╪и╪к ┘╛█М╪║╪з┘Е ╪п█Т ╪│┌й█Т█Ф ┘Ж╪╕╪з┘Е█М ┘Ж█Т ╪╖┘Ж╪▓ ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ┘Е╪╣╪з╪┤╪▒╪к█М ╪з╪╡┘Д╪з╪н╪з╪к ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪▓┘И╪▒ ╪п█М╪з ╪з┘И╪▒ ┌й█Б╪з ┌й█Б ╪╖┘Ж╪▓ ┌й┘И ┘Е╪л╪и╪к ╪│┘Е╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪│╪к╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д ┌й╪▒┘Ж╪з ╪╢╪▒┘И╪▒█М █Б█Т█Ф
4. ╪з╪╡┘Ж╪з┘Б ╪┤╪╣╪▒ ┘И ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М (╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ┌й█М ╪з┘В╪│╪з┘Е)
╪з╪│ ┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Ж╪╕╪з┘Е█М ╪╣╪▒┘И╪╢█М ┘Ж█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ╪з┘В╪│╪з┘Е ┌й█М ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪з╪│╪к╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д ┘╛╪▒ ╪и╪з╪к ┌й█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ┌й█М ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ╪з╪╡┘Ж╪з┘Б ╪м█М╪│█Т ╪║╪▓┘Д╪М ┘В╪╡█М╪п█Б╪М ┘Е╪л┘Ж┘И█М╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘В╪╖╪╣╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪к┘Б╪╡█М┘Д ╪│█Т ╪и╪н╪л ┌й█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т█Ф ┘Ж╪╕╪з┘Е█М ┘Ж█Т ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ┌й█М █Б╪▒ ╪╡┘Ж┘Б ┌й█Т ┘Б┘И╪з╪ж╪п ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪з╪│╪к╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д ┌й█Т ╪╖╪▒█М┘В┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ┌й█М █Б╪▒ ╪╡┘Ж┘Б ┌й█Т ╪з┘Ж╪п╪▒ ┘Е┘И╪м┘И╪п ╪м┘Е╪з┘Д█М╪з╪к█М ╪о╪╡┘И╪╡█М╪з╪к╪М ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В█М ╪╣┘Е┘Д╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪з╪л╪▒╪з╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪▒┘И╪┤┘Ж█М ┌И╪з┘Д█М █Б█Т█Ф █М█Б ╪и╪з╪и ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ┌й█Т ╪н┘И╪з┘Д█Т ╪│█Т ╪з█М┌й ╪м╪з┘Е╪╣ ╪▒█Б┘Ж┘Е╪з╪ж█М ┘Б╪▒╪з█Б┘Е ┌й╪▒╪к╪з █Б█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪п█М╪и┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ┌й┘Д╪з┘Е ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪и█Б╪к╪▒█М┘Ж ╪╡┘Ж┘Б ┌й╪з ╪з┘Ж╪к╪о╪з╪и ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪п╪п ╪п█М╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф
┌Ж╪з╪▒┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Б ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪л╪▒╪з╪к
┘Ж╪╕╪з┘Е█М ╪╣╪▒┘И╪╢█М ╪│┘Е╪▒┘В┘Ж╪п█М ┌й╪з ┌Ж╪з╪▒┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Б ╪з█М┌й ╪з█М╪│╪з ╪з╪п╪и█М ┌й╪з╪▒┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б █Б█Т ╪м╪│ ┘Ж█Т ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█Т ╪╣┘Д┘Е ┌й┘И ┘Ж╪ж█Т ╪з┘Б┘В ┘╛╪▒ ┘╛█Б┘Ж┌Ж╪з█М╪з█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ┌й█М ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о╪М ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪з╪╡┘Ж╪з┘Б╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В█М ╪╣┘Е┘Д ┘╛╪▒ ┘Е┘Б╪╡┘Д ╪и╪н╪л ┌й█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т ╪м╪│█Т ╪з╪п╪и█М ╪н┘Д┘В┘И┌║ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и█Т ╪н╪п ┘╛╪░█М╪▒╪з╪ж█М ┘Е┘Д█М█Ф ┌Ж╪з╪▒┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Б ┌й╪з ╪з╪л╪▒ ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪п█М┌п╪▒ ╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪з╪п╪и ┘╛╪▒ ╪и┌╛█М ╪▒█Б╪з █Б█Т█Ф
┌Ж╪з╪▒┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Б ┌й┘И ╪з█М┌й ╪п╪▒╪│█М ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┌й█М ╪н█М╪л█М╪к ╪н╪з╪╡┘Д █Б┘И╪ж█М ╪з┘И╪▒ █М█Б ┌й╪к╪з╪и █Б┘Е█М╪┤█Б ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█Т ╪╖╪з┘Д╪и ╪╣┘Д┘Е┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪п█М╪и┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪▒█Б┘Ж┘Е╪з╪ж█М ┌й╪з ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Б ╪и┘Ж█М ╪▒█Б█М█Ф ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Ж╪╕╪з┘Е█М ┘Ж█Т ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ┌й█М ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В ┌й█Т ╪и╪з╪▒█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█Б┘Е ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪▒█Б┘Ж┘Е╪з╪ж█М ┘Б╪▒╪з█Б┘Е ┌й█М █Б█Т ╪м╪│ ╪│█Т ╪в╪м ╪и┌╛█М ╪з╪п█М╪и ┘Б╪з╪ж╪п█Б ╪з┘╣┌╛╪з╪к█Т █Б█М┌║█Ф
┘Ж╪к█М╪м█Б
┌Ж╪з╪▒┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Б ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ┌й╪з ╪з█М┌й ╪╣╪╕█М┘Е ╪з╪л╪з╪л█Б █Б█Т ╪м╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪п╪и ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ┌й█Т ╪к┘Е╪з┘Е ╪з█Б┘Е ┘╛█Б┘Д┘И╪д┌║ ┘╛╪▒ ╪▒┘И╪┤┘Ж█М ┌И╪з┘Д█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т█Ф ┘Ж╪╕╪з┘Е█М ╪╣╪▒┘И╪╢█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪з╪л╪▒╪з╪к ┌й┘И ╪з╪м╪з┌п╪▒ ┌й█М╪з █Б█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│█Т ╪з█М┌й ╪╣┘Д┘Е█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪п╪и█М ┘И╪▒╪л█Б ╪и┘Ж╪з ╪п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Ж█Т ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█Т ╪╖┘Д╪и╪з╪б ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪п█М╪и┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪▒█Б┘Ж┘Е╪з╪ж█М ┘Б╪▒╪з█Б┘Е ┌й█М ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪п█М┌п╪▒ ╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪з╪п╪и ┘╛╪▒ ╪и┌╛█М ┌п█Б╪▒╪з ╪з╪л╪▒ ┌Ж┌╛┘И┌С╪з█Ф ╪в╪м ╪и┌╛█М ┌Ж╪з╪▒┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Б ╪з╪п╪и ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ┌й█М ╪к╪╣┘Д█М┘Е ╪н╪з╪╡┘Д ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┘И╪з┘Д█Т ╪з┘Б╪▒╪з╪п ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪з█М┌й ┘В█М┘Е╪к█М ╪п╪│╪к╪з┘И█М╪▓ █Б█Т█Ф
Chahar Maqalah (The Four Discourses) – Nizami Aruzi Samarkandi
Introduction: Chahar Maqalah, written by Nizami Aruzi Samarkandi, is an important and ancient work of Persian literature. This book sheds detailed light on various aspects of literature, poetry, philosophy, history, and wisdom. It holds a significant place not only in Persian literature but also in world literature. It includes details about different forms of poetry and literature, the characteristics of poets, and an explanation of their creative powers.
Nizami Aruzi Samarkandi hailed from Samarkand and was a renowned scholar and poet. His work Chahar Maqalah is considered a type of literary encyclopedia, which comprehensively discusses various aspects of literature. This monumental work introduced a new direction in Persian literature and is regarded as a guide to the importance and aesthetics of literature.
Background of Chahar Maqalah: Chahar Maqalah was written by Nizami Aruzi Samarkandi in a pedagogical style, with the aim of making those learning literature and poetry aware of its depth and beauty. The book provides detailed insights into poetry, the sayings of poets, and different literary formats, and has become an effective tool for clarifying the importance of literature.
The book discusses four different topics, each of which highlights an essential feature or dimension of literature. These four topics form the foundation of literature, and Nizami Aruzi presents them in a comprehensive and lucid manner. Chahar Maqalah is still used by students and scholars of literature as a guiding resource.
The Four Discourses of Chahar Maqalah: In Chahar Maqalah, Nizami Aruzi discusses four main topics in detail, which are known as the “Four Discourses.” These topics are:
- Hikayat Askani (Simplicity and Effects of Narratives)
- Chuguni Shair o She’r-o (The Poet’s Character and His Poetry)
- Bazlah Goyi o Tanz (Wit and Satire)
- Asnaaf-e-Shair o Sha’iri (Types of Poetry and Poetic Forms)
- Hikayat Askani (Simplicity and Effects of Narratives): In this discourse, Nizami Aruzi discusses the simplicity of tales, the moral and philosophical messages hidden within them, and their effects. He elaborates on how stories and narratives present the realities of human life in a way that carries a unique influence. Nizami recognizes narratives as an effective tool for imparting important lessons. He emphasizes that narratives not only value imagination but are also one of the best ways to reveal the truths of life.
- Chuguni Shair o She’r-o (The Poet’s Character and His Poetry): This discourse discusses the poetтАЩs personality, thoughts, creative abilities, and the nature of his poetry. Nizami provides a definition of poetry and describes its different forms. He delves into the poet’s spirituality, mental evolution, and his art. He also describes the process of creating poetry and emphasizes that a poetтАЩs work is not just about balancing words; it reflects his deep thoughts and emotional state. Nizami acknowledges the power of poetry, saying that a poet’s role is not merely to write verses, but to express the deep emotional states within humans through words.
- Bazlah Goyi o Tanz (Wit and Satire): In this chapter, Nizami Aruzi highlights the importance of wit and satire. He explains how wit and satire are used in poetry and how they can teach valuable lessons to people. He considers satire as an important literary tool, one that can effectively expose societal, political, or moral flaws. Wit and satire require finesse and a sense of personal taste to convey a positive message. Nizami stresses the importance of using satire for social reforms and suggests that it should always be directed toward positive purposes.
- Asnaaf-e-Shair o Sha’iri (Types of Poetry and Poetic Forms): In this discourse, Nizami Aruzi discusses the different types of poetry and their uses. He provides a detailed examination of various forms of poetry such as ghazal, qasida, masnavi, and qita. Nizami elaborates on the advantages of each form and the methods for their usage. He explores the aesthetic qualities, creative processes, and effects of each poetic form. This chapter serves as a comprehensive guide to poetry and helps poets choose the best poetic form for their work.
Importance and Impact of Chahar Maqalah: Nizami Aruzi Samarkandi’s Chahar Maqalah is a literary achievement that has brought the knowledge of poetry and literature to new heights. The book provides an in-depth discussion on the history of poetry, its forms, and the creative process, and has received significant acclaim in literary circles. Chahar Maqalah has had a lasting influence not only on Persian literature but also on literature in other languages.
The book has become a textbook and has always been a guiding resource for literature students and scholars. Nizami has provided important principles and guidance on the creation of poetry, which continues to be beneficial to writers today.
Conclusion: Chahar Maqalah is a monumental asset to Persian literature, shedding light on all important aspects of literature and poetry. Through this book, Nizami Aruzi has highlighted the importance and impact of poetry, transforming it into a scholarly and literary legacy. This book has provided guidance not only to Persian literature students and writers but also left a profound impact on literature in other languages. Even today, Chahar Maqalah remains a valuable document for individuals seeking to learn about literature and poetry.
