Ques-2
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж╪з┘Е┘З: ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж
┘Е┘В╪п┘Е█Б:
╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ╪з█М┌й ┘Е╪┤█Б┘И╪▒ ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ █М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Б┘Ж┘И┘Ж ┘Д╪╖█М┘Б█Б ┌й█Т ╪╣╪╕█М┘Е ┘Е╪з█Б╪▒ ╪к┌╛█Т ╪м┘Ж█Б█М┌║ ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪│┘Д╪╖┘Ж╪к ┌й█Т ╪┤█Б┘Ж╪┤╪з█Б ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и┌С█М ╪╣╪▓╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Е┘В╪з┘Е ╪н╪з╪╡┘Д ╪к┌╛╪з█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┌й█М ┘Е█Б╪з╪▒╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Б┘Ж█М ╪м┘Е╪з┘Д█М╪з╪к ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И ╪з╪│ ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й╪з ╪│╪и ╪│█Т ╪и┌С╪з ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒ ╪и┘Ж╪з ╪п█М╪з ╪к┌╛╪з█Ф ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В ╪з█М╪▒╪з┘Ж ╪│█Т ╪к┌╛╪з╪М ┘Д█М┌й┘Ж ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й╪з ╪и█М╪┤╪к╪▒ ╪н╪╡█Б █Б┘Ж╪п┘И╪│╪к╪з┘Ж ┘Е█М┌║ ┌п╪▓╪▒╪з╪М ╪м█Б╪з┌║ ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪│┘Д╪╖┘Ж╪к ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒ ┌й█М ╪н█М╪л█М╪к ╪│█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪┤┘Ж╪з╪о╪к ╪и┘Ж╪з╪ж█М█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┌й█М ┘Е╪о╪╡┘И╪╡ ╪о╪╡┘И╪╡█М╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┌й╪з┘Е ┌й█М ┘Е█Б╪з╪▒╪к ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘Ж█Б█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ┘Е┘Е╪к╪з╪▓ ┘Е┘В╪з┘Е ╪п█М╪з╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪в╪м ╪и┌╛█М ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪в╪л╪з╪▒ ┌й┘И ╪з█М┌й ╪┤╪з█Б┌й╪з╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪╖┘И╪▒ ┘╛╪▒ ╪п█М┌й┌╛╪з ╪м╪з╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж╪з┘Е┘З:
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж╪з┘Е┘З ╪п╪▒╪з╪╡┘Д ╪з█М┌й ╪з█Б┘Е ┌й╪к╪з╪и █Б█Т ╪м╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪║┘Д ╪и╪з╪п╪┤╪з█Б ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪з█Б┘Е ╪з┘Б╪▒╪з╪п╪М ┘И╪з┘В╪╣╪з╪к╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о█М ┘Д┘Е╪н┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒ ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪м╪│ ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒ ┌й╪з ╪│╪и ╪│█Т ╪▓█М╪з╪п█Б ╪░┌й╪▒ ┌й█М╪з ╪м╪з╪к╪з █Б█Т ┘И█Б ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж █Б█М┌║█Ф ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ╪з█Б┘Е ┌й╪▒╪п╪з╪▒ ╪к┌╛╪з╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┘Ж█Т ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й┘И ╪з█М┌й ┘Ж╪ж█М ┘Б┘Ж█М ╪┤┘Ж╪з╪о╪к ╪п█М█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█М ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪▒█М╪з╪│╪к█М ╪з┘Е┘И╪▒ ┌й┘И ╪з█М┌й ┘Ж█М╪з ╪▓╪з┘И█М█Б ┘Б╪▒╪з█Б┘Е ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з█Ф
╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М:
╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪з╪╡┘Д ┘Ж╪з┘Е ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ╪к┌╛╪з ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘И█Б ╪з█М╪▒╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪┤█Б╪▒ ╪з╪╡┘Б█Б╪з┘Ж ╪│█Т ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В ╪▒┌й┌╛╪к█Т ╪к┌╛█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┘И╪з┘Д╪п ╪и┌╛█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒ ╪к┌╛█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪▒╪и█М╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪▒█Б┘Ж┘Е╪з╪ж█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й┘И ╪з╪│ ┘Б┘Ж ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е█Б╪з╪▒╪к ╪н╪з╪╡┘Д ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┌й█М ╪к╪▒╪║█М╪и ╪п█М█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪з╪и╪к╪п╪з╪ж█М ╪к╪╣┘Д█М┘Е ╪з╪╡┘Б█Б╪з┘Ж ┘Е█М┌║ █Б┘И╪ж█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘И█Б╪з┌║ ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┌й█Т ╪и┘Ж█М╪з╪п█М ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д ╪│█М┌й┌╛█Т█Ф ╪и╪╣╪п ╪з╪▓╪з┌║ ┘И█Б █Б┘Ж╪п┘И╪│╪к╪з┘Ж ╪в ┌п╪ж█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Е╪║┘Д ╪┤█Б┘Ж╪┤╪з█Б ╪з┌й╪и╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪╖┘И╪▒ ┘╛╪▒ ┌й╪з┘Е ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┘Д┌п█Т█Ф
╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪з╪│ ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█Т ┘Е┘Е╪к╪з╪▓ ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒┘И┌║ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪┤┘Е╪з╪▒ ┌й█М╪з ╪м╪з╪к╪з █Б█Т╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┌й█М ┘Е╪о╪╡┘И╪╡ ╪о╪╡┘И╪╡█М╪з╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█М ╪н┘В█М┘В╪к┘И┌║ ┌й╪з ╪╣┌й╪з╪│ █Б┘И┘Ж╪з╪М ┘В╪п╪▒╪к█М ┘Е┘Ж╪з╪╕╪▒ ┌й█М ╪н┘В█М┘В╪к ┘╛╪│┘Ж╪п█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪┤╪з█Б█М ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ╪▒┘Ж┌п┘И┌║ ┌й╪з ╪к┘И╪з╪▓┘Ж ╪┤╪з┘Е┘Д █Б█М┌║█Ф ┘И█Б ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ┌й╪з┘Е ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ┘Е┘Ж┘Б╪▒╪п ┘Ж╪╕╪▒ ╪▒┌й┌╛╪к█Т ╪к┌╛█Т╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┘Ж█Т ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪╖╪▒╪▓┘Р ╪в╪▒┘╣ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з┘Ж┘В┘Д╪з╪и█М ╪к╪и╪п█М┘Д█М╪з┌║ ┘Д╪з╪ж█М┌║█Ф
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й╪з ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж:
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й╪з ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪│┘Д╪╖┘Ж╪к ┌й╪з ╪з█М┌й ╪и█Б╪к ╪з█Б┘Е ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ╪к┌╛╪з╪М ╪м╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪▒█М╪з╪│╪к█М ╪з┘Е┘И╪▒ ┘╛╪▒ ╪и╪з╪к ┌Ж█М╪к █Б┘И╪к█М ╪к┌╛█М ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ┘Б┘Ж┘И┘Ж ┘Д╪╖█М┘Б█Б ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ┌й┘И ╪и┌╛█М ╪к╪│┘Д█М┘Е ┌й█М╪з ╪м╪з╪к╪з ╪к┌╛╪з█Ф ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ╪о┘И╪п ╪з█М┌й ┘Б┘Ж┘И┘Ж┘Р ┘Д╪╖█М┘Б█Б ┌й█Т ╪╣╪╕█М┘Е ┘Е╪п╪з╪н ╪к┌╛█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪░╪з╪к█М ┘╛╪│┘Ж╪п█М╪п█Б ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒ ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ╪к┌╛█Т█Ф ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ╪и█М╪┤╪к╪▒ ┘И┘В╪к ┌й┘И ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ┌п╪▓╪▒╪з╪М ╪м█Б╪з┌║ ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪п╪╣┘И ┌й█М╪з ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┌й╪з┘Е ┌й┘И ╪и█Б╪к ╪│╪▒╪з█Б╪з█Ф
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█М ╪┤╪о╪╡█М╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Б┘Ж┘И┘Ж┘Р ┘Д╪╖█М┘Б█Б ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪з╪│ ┘В╪п╪▒ ╪к┌╛█М ┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ┌й╪ж█М ╪з█Б┘Е ┘Д┘Е╪н┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о█М ┘И╪з┘В╪╣╪з╪к ┌й┘И ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒ ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┌й█Т ┘Д╪ж█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й┘И █Б╪п╪з█М╪к ╪п█М█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┘Е█М┌║ ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й╪з ┌й╪▒╪п╪з╪▒ ╪и█Б╪к ┘Ж┘Е╪з█М╪з┌║ ╪к┌╛╪з█Ф ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒╪з┘Ж█Б ╪░┘И┘В ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Б┘Ж█М ┘Е█Б╪з╪▒╪к ┘Ж█Т ┘Е┘Д ┌й╪▒ ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й┘И ╪з█М┌й ┘Ж╪ж█М ╪и╪╡╪▒█М ╪┤┘Ж╪з╪о╪к ╪п█М█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┌й╪з┘Е ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ┘Е┘Ж┘Б╪▒╪п ╪м┘Е╪з┘Д█М╪з╪к ╪к┌╛█М╪М ╪м╪│ ┘Ж█Т ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┌й█Т ╪▒┘И╪з█М╪к█М ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪и┌╛█М ┘Ж█М╪з ╪з┘Ж╪п╪з╪▓ ╪п█М╪з█Ф
╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М:
╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█Б┘Е ╪о╪╡┘И╪╡█М╪з╪к █М█Б ╪к┌╛█М┌║ ┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ┌й╪з┘Е ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪┤╪з█Б█М ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█М ╪┤╪з┘Ж ┘И ╪┤┘И┌й╪к ┌й┘И ╪п┌й┌╛╪з╪к╪з ╪к┌╛╪з ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█М ╪н┘В█М┘В╪к┘И┌║╪М ┘Е╪н╪и╪к╪М ╪м┘Ж┌п╪М ╪┤┌й╪з╪▒╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█Т ┘Е┘Ж╪╕╪▒ ┌й┘И ╪и┌╛█М ╪з┘Ж╪к█Б╪з╪ж█М ┘Е█Б╪з╪▒╪к ╪│█Т ┘╛█М╪┤ ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з ╪к┌╛╪з█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┘Е█М┌║ ┘В╪п╪▒╪к█М ┘Е┘Ж╪з╪╕╪▒ ┌й┘И ╪з┘Ж╪к█Б╪з╪ж█М ╪н┘В█М┘В╪к ┘╛╪│┘Ж╪п╪з┘Ж█Б ╪╖╪▒█М┘В█Т ╪│█Т ╪п┌й┌╛╪з█М╪з ┌п█М╪з█Ф ┘И█Б ╪▒┘Ж┌п┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪и╪з╪▓█М ┌п╪▒█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪▒┘И╪┤┘Ж█М ┌й█Т ╪з╪л╪▒╪з╪к ┌й┘И ╪и╪о┘И╪и█М ╪з╪│╪к╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д ┌й╪▒╪к█Т ╪к┌╛█Т╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В╪з╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ╪з┘Д┌п █Б█М ╪п┘Д┌й╪┤█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪м╪п╪к ╪к┌╛█М█Ф
╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й█М ╪│╪и ╪│█Т ╪и┌С█М ╪о╪╡┘И╪╡█М╪к ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪░█Б╪з┘Ж╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В█М ╪╡┘Д╪з╪н█М╪к ╪к┌╛█М╪М ╪м┘И ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┌й╪з┘Е ┘Е█М┌║ ┘И╪з╪╢╪н ╪╖┘И╪▒ ┘╛╪▒ ┘Ж╪╕╪▒ ╪в╪к█М ╪к┌╛█М█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ┘Ж┘Б╪з╪│╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Ж╪▓╪з┌й╪к ╪к┌╛█М╪М ╪м┘И ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪┤╪з┌п╪▒╪п┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п█М┌п╪▒ ┘Б┘Ж┌й╪з╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ┌й╪з┘Е ╪│█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ╪к┌╛█М█Ф ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ┘Б┘Ж ┌й┘И ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪з█М┌й ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Б ┘Е╪╣╪з╪┤ ┘Ж█Б█М┌║ ╪│┘Е╪м┌╛╪з╪М ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з╪│█Т ╪з█М┌й ┘Е┘В╪п╪│ ╪╣┘Е┘Д ╪│┘Е╪м┌╛╪з ╪з┘И╪▒ █Б┘Е█М╪┤█Б ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ┌й╪з┘Е ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Ж╪ж█М ┘Ж╪ж█М ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В█М ╪│┘И┌Ж ┌й┘И ╪┤╪з┘Е┘Д ┌й█М╪з█Ф
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В:
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█М ╪┤╪о╪╡█М╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Б┘Ж┘И┘Ж┘Р ┘Д╪╖█М┘Б█Б ┌й╪з ╪и█Б╪к ┌п█Б╪▒╪з ╪з╪л╪▒ ╪к┌╛╪з╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В ╪з█М┌й ┘Б┘Ж┌й╪з╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪│╪▒┘╛╪▒╪│╪к ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒┘Е█М╪з┘Ж ╪к┌╛╪з█Ф ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█М ┘Б┘Ж█М ╪░┘И┘В ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Е█Б╪з╪▒╪к ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒┘Е█М╪з┘Ж ╪з█М┌й ┘В╪п╪▒╪к█М █Б┘Е ╪в█Б┘Ж┌п█М ╪к┌╛█М╪М ╪м┘И ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒█М ┘Б┘Ж ┌й█М ╪и█Б╪к╪▒█М ┌й╪з ╪│╪и╪и ╪и┘Ж█М█Ф ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж█Т █Б┘Е█М╪┤█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й┘И ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪╣╪▓╪к ╪п█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┌й╪з┘Е ┌й█М ┘В╪п╪▒ ┌й█М█Ф
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В╪з╪к ┘Ж█Т ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█М ╪┤╪з┘Ж ┘И ╪┤┘И┌й╪к ┌й┘И ╪и┌С┌╛╪з█М╪з ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪│┘Д╪╖┘Ж╪к ┌й█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ┘╛█Б┘Д┘И╪д┌║ ┌й┘И ╪и┌╛█М ╪к╪╡┘И█М╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ╪п┘Ж█М╪з ┌й█Т ╪│╪з┘Е┘Ж█Т ┘╛█М╪┤ ┌й█М╪з█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪╡╪з┘И█М╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ╪о╪з╪╡ ┘В╪│┘Е ┌й█М ┘Ж┘Б╪з╪│╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪м╪з╪░╪и█М╪к ╪к┌╛█М ╪м┘И ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪┤╪з█Б█М ┘Е╪з╪н┘И┘Д ┌й█М ╪╣┌й╪з╪│█М ┌й╪▒╪к█М ╪к┌╛█М█Ф
╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪з█Б┘Е ┌й╪з┘Е:
╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪з█Б┘Е ┌й╪з┘Е ┘Е█М┌║ “╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж╪з┘Е┘З” ┌й█М ╪к╪╡╪з┘И█М╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪┤╪з█Б█М ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е ╪к┘В╪▒█М╪и╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪┤┌й╪з╪▒ ┌й█М ╪к╪╡╪з┘И█М╪▒ ╪┤╪з┘Е┘Д █Б█М┌║█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪╡┘И█М╪▒┘И┌║ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ┘╛█Б┘Д┘И╪д┌║ ┌й┘И ╪з╪│ ╪о┘И╪и█М ╪│█Т ╪п┌й┌╛╪з█М╪з ┌п█М╪з ┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж ╪к╪╡╪з┘И█М╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪к┌╛█М ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ┘Б┘Ж█М ╪м┘Е╪з┘Д ╪и┌╛█М ╪и█Т ┘Е╪л╪з┘Д ╪к┌╛╪з█Ф ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪к╪╡╪з┘И█М╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪▒┘Ж┌п┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪▒┘И╪┤┘Ж█М ┌й█Т ╪з╪│╪к╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е█Б╪з╪▒╪к ╪п┌й┌╛╪з╪ж█М╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┌й╪з┘Е ┘Ж█Т ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪╖╪▒╪▓┘Р ╪в╪▒┘╣ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ┘Ж█М╪з ╪и╪з╪и ╪▒┘В┘Е ┌й█М╪з█Ф
╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Б┘Ж█М ┘И╪▒╪з╪л╪к:
╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┘Ж█Т ╪м┘И ┘Б┘Ж█М ┘И╪▒╪з╪л╪к ┌Ж┌╛┘И┌С█М █Б█Т ┘И█Б ╪в╪м ╪и┌╛█М ┘Б┘Ж┘И┘Ж┘Р ┘Д╪╖█М┘Б█Б ┌й█Т ┘Е╪з█Б╪▒█М┘Ж ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Б┘Ж┌й╪з╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ┘Д╪ж█Т ╪з█М┌й ┌п╪▒╪з┌║ ┘В╪п╪▒ ╪з╪л╪з╪л█Б █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┘Ж█Т ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪│┘Д╪╖┘Ж╪к ┌й█Т ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й┘И ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М╪з ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Б┘Ж█М ┘Е█Б╪з╪▒╪к ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┘Ж╪з┘Е ┌й┘И █Б┘Е█М╪┤█Б ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪▓┘Ж╪п█Б ╪▒┌й┌╛╪з█Ф ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪╡┘И█М╪▒ ┌й╪┤█М ┘Ж█Т ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪┤╪з█Б█М ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█М ╪┤╪з┘Ж ┘И ╪┤┘И┌й╪к ┌й┘И ╪╕╪з█Б╪▒ ┌й█М╪з ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з╪│ ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█М ╪│┘Е╪з╪м█М╪М ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘В╪к╪╡╪з╪п█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█М ╪и┌╛█М ╪╣┌й╪з╪│█М ┌й█М█Ф
┘Ж╪к█М╪м█Б:
╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ╪з█М┌й ╪╣╪╕█М┘Е ┘Б┘Ж┌й╪з╪▒ ╪к┌╛█Т ╪м┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о ┌й█Т ╪з█Б┘Е ┘Д┘Е╪н┘И┌║ ┌й┘И █Б┘Е█М╪┤█Б ┌й█Т ┘Д╪ж█Т ┘Е╪н┘Б┘И╪╕ ┌й╪▒ ┘Д█М╪з█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В╪з╪к ╪в╪м ╪и┌╛█М ┘Б┘Ж┘И┘Ж┘Р ┘Д╪╖█М┘Б█Б ┌й█Т ╪╖┘Д╪и╪з╪б ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Е╪з█Б╪▒█М┘Ж ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪з█М┌й ╪к╪н╪▒█М┌й █Б█М┌║█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ┌й╪з┘Е ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪з█М┌й ┘Б┘Ж┌й╪з╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪╖┘И╪▒ ┘╛╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Е█Б╪з╪▒╪к ┌й┘И ╪╕╪з█Б╪▒ ┌й╪▒╪к╪з █Б█Т ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В█М ╪╡┘Д╪з╪н█М╪к┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪м┘Е╪з┘Д█М╪з╪к█М ╪░┘И┘В ┌й┘И ╪и┌╛█М ╪з╪м╪з┌п╪▒ ┌й╪▒╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф “╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж╪з┘Е┘З” ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪п█М┌п╪▒ ╪к╪╡╪з┘И█М╪▒ ┘Ж█Т ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█М ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о ┌й┘И ╪м█М╪к╪з ╪м╪з┌п╪к╪з ╪и┘Ж╪з█М╪з╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ┌й╪з┘Е █Б┘Е█М╪┤█Б ┌й█Т ┘Д╪ж█Т ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о ┘Е█М┌║ ╪▓┘Ж╪п█Б ╪▒█Б█Т ┌п╪з█Ф
Jahangirnama: Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan
Introduction: Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan was a renowned court painter and a great master of fine arts during the Mughal Empire, particularly under the reign of Emperor Jahangir. His artistic skill and aesthetic sense made him one of the greatest painters of his time. Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan hailed from Iran, specifically from the city of Isfahan, but he spent most of his life in India, where he made his mark as a painter in the Mughal court. His distinctive style of painting, his mastery in technique, and his innovative approach to art earned him a prominent position in the Mughal court. His works are still regarded as masterpieces of Persian and Mughal art.
Jahangirnama: Jahangirnama is an important manuscript that chronicles the life of Mughal Emperor Jahangir and depicts key individuals in his court, significant events, and historical moments. The most frequently mentioned artist in this book is Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan. Abu’l-Hasan played a vital role in the Mughal court, and his artwork provided a new artistic identity to Emperor Jahangir’s reign. Through his paintings, he offered a unique perspective on the emperor’s court life and state matters.
Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan’s Life: Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan’s birth name was Abu’l-Hasan, and he came from Isfahan, Iran. His father was also a painter, and his guidance and mentorship encouraged Abu’l-Hasan to pursue the art of painting. Abu’l-Hasan received his early education in Isfahan, where he learned the basic principles of painting. Later, he moved to India and began working as a court painter during the reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar.
He is considered one of the most distinguished painters of his time. Abu’l-Hasan’s works are characterized by the reflection of life’s realities, realistic depictions of natural landscapes, and the balanced portrayal of the royal court’s activities. He had a unique perspective on painting, and his work brought revolutionary changes to the Mughal style of art.
Jahangir’s Court and Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan: Emperor Jahangir’s court was a significant cultural and political center of the Mughal Empire, where not only state matters were discussed but also the importance of the fine arts was acknowledged. Jahangir himself was a great patron of the arts and had a particular admiration for Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan. Jahangir spent much of his life at court, where he invited various artists to work at his court and highly praised their efforts.
Jahangir’s love for the fine arts was so profound that he encouraged the depiction of important moments in his life and historical events through painting. Among the artists in his court, Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan played a prominent role. The collaboration between JahangirтАЩs artistic taste and Abu’l-HasanтАЩs technical mastery resulted in the Mughal court acquiring a new visual identity. Abu’l-Hasan’s works not only presented the grandeur of the Mughal court but also added a fresh interpretation to the traditional Mughal art form.
Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan’s Art: Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan’s paintings displayed many unique features. His art was not just about depicting the royal courtтАЩs splendor; it also skillfully captured the realities of life, love, war, hunting, and scenes from the royal court. He had an exceptional ability to represent natural landscapes with incredible realism. His mastery of color play and the use of light effects brought his works to life, and his paintings possessed an unparalleled charm and originality.
Abu’l-HasanтАЩs greatest strength was his creativity and intelligence, which were clearly evident in his work. His paintings exhibited a finesse and delicacy that distinguished them from the works of his peers and students. For Abu’l-Hasan, art was not merely a profession or source of income; it was a sacred practice, and he constantly infused new, creative ideas into his work.
Relationship with Jahangir: The relationship between Emperor Jahangir and Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan was that of an artist and a patron, characterized by mutual respect and admiration. JahangirтАЩs passion for the arts perfectly complemented Abu’l-HasanтАЩs artistic expertise. This synergy contributed significantly to the improvement of the Mughal courtтАЩs artistic output. Jahangir always honored Abu’l-Hasan in his court and highly valued his work.
Abu’l-Hasan’s works not only enhanced the prestige of the court but also presented various facets of the Mughal Empire through his paintings. His artwork had a unique elegance and appeal that mirrored the royal ambiance of the Mughal era.
Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan’s Notable Works: Some of Khwaja Abu’l-HasanтАЩs most important works include the illustrations in the Jahangirnama and paintings depicting major royal events and hunting expeditions. His works portray various aspects of JahangirтАЩs life in such a detailed manner that his paintings not only hold historical significance but also exhibit unparalleled aesthetic beauty. Abu’l-Hasan was particularly skilled in the use of colors and light, and his works marked a new chapter in Mughal art.
Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan’s Artistic Legacy: The artistic legacy left by Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan remains a valuable treasure for art historians and artists even today. His paintings not only recorded the history of the Mughal Empire but also demonstrated his technical mastery, which ensured that his name would live on through the ages. Abu’l-Hasan’s artwork portrayed not only the grandeur of the royal court but also reflected the social, cultural, and economic life of the period.
Conclusion: Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan was a great artist who immortalized important moments in history through his paintings in the Mughal court. His creations continue to inspire students and experts of fine arts to this day. His work not only demonstrates his skill as an artist but also showcases his creative abilities and aesthetic sense. The illustrations in Jahangirnama and other paintings have brought the culture and history of the Mughal era to life, and his contributions to art will remain etched in history forever.
