Ques-7
╪┤█М╪о ╪│╪╣╪п█М ╪┤█М╪▒╪з╪▓█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪╡┘Ж█М┘Б “┌п┘Д╪│╪к╪з┘Ж“
╪┤█М╪о ╪│╪╣╪п█М ╪┤█М╪▒╪з╪▓█М╪М ╪м┘Ж█Б█М┌║ ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ┌й╪з ╪╣╪╕█М┘Е ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪н┌й█М┘Е ╪│┘Е╪м┌╛╪з ╪м╪з╪к╪з █Б█Т╪М 13┘И█М┌║ ╪╡╪п█М ┌й█Т ╪з█М┌й ┘Е╪┤█Б┘И╪▒ ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п█М╪и╪М ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п╪з┘Ж╪┤┘И╪▒ ╪к┌╛█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ┘╛┘И╪▒╪з ┘Ж╪з┘Е “╪┤█М╪о ╪з╪и┘И ┘Е╪н┘Е╪п ┘Е╪┤╪▒┘Б ╪з┘Д╪п█М┘Ж ╪│╪╣╪п█М” ╪к┌╛╪з╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж█Б█М┌║ ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪з┘Б┌й╪з╪▒ ┌й█М ┌п█Б╪▒╪з╪ж█М╪М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ┘Б┘Д╪│┘Б█Т╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪к╪╣┘Д█М┘Е╪з╪к ┌й█М ┘И╪м█Б ╪│█Т ╪╣╪з┘Д┘Е█М ╪│╪╖╪н ┘╛╪▒ ╪┤█Б╪▒╪к ╪н╪з╪╡┘Д █Б┘И╪ж█М█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Е╪┤█Б┘И╪▒ ╪к╪╡┘Ж█М┘Б “┌п┘Д╪│╪к╪з┘Ж” (The Rose Garden) ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█М ╪з█М┌й ╪┤╪з█Б┌й╪з╪▒ █Б█Т╪М ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з╪│ ┌й╪з ╪╣╪з┘Д┘Е█М ╪з╪п╪и ┘╛╪▒ ╪и┌╛█М ┌п█Б╪▒╪з ╪з╪л╪▒ ╪▒█Б╪з █Б█Т█Ф
╪┤█М╪о ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М
╪┤█М╪о ╪│╪╣╪п█М ╪┤█М╪▒╪з╪▓█М ┌й╪з ┘╛█М╪п╪з╪ж╪┤ ╪к┘В╪▒█М╪и╪з┘Л 1210 ┌й█Т ┘В╪▒█М╪и █Б┘И╪ж█М ╪к┌╛█М╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘И█Б ╪┤█М╪▒╪з╪▓╪М ╪з█М╪▒╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪▒█Б╪з╪ж╪┤█М ╪к┌╛█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪з╪и╪к╪п╪з╪ж█М ╪к╪╣┘Д█М┘Е ╪┤█М╪▒╪з╪▓ ┘Е█М┌║ █Б┘И╪ж█М╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪и╪╣╪п ┘Е█М┌║ ┘И█Б ╪и╪║╪п╪з╪п ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п█М┌п╪▒ ╪╣┘Д┘Е█М ┘Е╪▒╪з┌й╪▓ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и┌╛█М ╪к╪╣┘Д█М┘Е ╪н╪з╪╡┘Д ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┌п╪ж█Т█Ф ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ╪и█Б╪к ╪│█Т ╪н╪╡█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ┘Е┘Е╪з┘Д┌й ┘Е█М┌║ ┌п╪▓╪з╪▒█Т╪М ╪м█Б╪з┌║ ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ╪к┘Е╪п┘Ж┘И┌║╪М ┘Е╪░╪з█Б╪и╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪│┘Е╪з╪м█М ┘Ж╪╕╪з┘Е┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ┘В╪▒█М╪и ╪│█Т ╪п█М┌й┌╛╪з█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й╪з ╪з█М┌й ╪н╪╡█Б █М┘И╪▒╪┤┘И┌║╪М ╪м┘Ж┌п┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│█М╪▒█М ┌й█Т ╪п┘И╪▒╪з┘Ж ╪и┌╛█М ┌п╪▓╪▒╪з█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М █М█Б ╪к╪м╪▒╪и╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Е╪┤╪з█Б╪п╪з╪к ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪н╪▒█М╪▒┘И┌║ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪╣┌й╪з╪│█М ┌й╪▒╪к█Т █Б█М┌║█Ф
“┌п┘Д╪│╪к╪з┘Ж” ┌й█М ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В
“┌п┘Д╪│╪к╪з┘Ж” ┌й█М ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В 1258 ┘Е█М┌║ █Б┘И╪ж█М╪М ╪м╪и ╪│╪╣╪п█М ╪з█М┌й ╪к╪м╪▒╪и█Б ┌й╪з╪▒ ╪п╪з┘Ж╪┤┘И╪▒ ╪и┘Ж ┌Ж┌й█Т ╪к┌╛█Т█Ф █М█Б ┌й╪к╪з╪и ╪з█М┌й ┘Ж╪л╪▒█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪┤╪╣╪▒█М ┘Е╪м┘Е┘И╪╣█Б █Б█Т╪М ╪м╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ┘╛█Б┘Д┘И╪д┌║╪М ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ┘Ж╪╡█М╪н╪к┘И┌║╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪│┌Ж█М ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ┘╛█М╪┤ ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪з╪│ ╪к╪╡┘Ж█М┘Б ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж█М╪к╪М ╪н╪│┘Ж ╪│┘Д┘И┌й╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Е╪╣╪з╪┤╪▒╪к█М ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В╪з╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪▓┘И╪▒ ╪п█М╪з█Ф “┌п┘Д╪│╪к╪з┘Ж” ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪│╪и┘В ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ╪и┘Ж█М╪з╪п█М ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т╪М ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е┘И╪м┘И╪п ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М╪з┌║ ╪з╪│ ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█М ╪│┘Е╪з╪м█М ╪н┘В█М┘В╪к┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪╣┌й╪з╪│█М ╪и┌╛█М ┌й╪▒╪к█М █Б█М┌║█Ф
“┌п┘Д╪│╪к╪з┘Ж” ┌й╪з ┘Е┘И╪╢┘И╪╣
“┌п┘Д╪│╪к╪з┘Ж” ┌й█Т ┘Е┘И╪╢┘И╪╣╪з╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█М ╪н┘В█М┘В╪к╪М ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪з┌Ж┌╛█Т ╪з╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪з┘Ж╪п╪▒┘И┘Ж█М ╪╡┘Б╪з╪к ┌й┘И ╪з╪м╪з┌п╪▒ ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪м┘Е┘И╪╣█М ╪╖┘И╪▒ ┘╛╪▒ 8 ╪и╪з╪и █Б█М┌║╪М ╪м┘Ж ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪к╪╣┘Д█М┘Е╪з╪к╪М ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Б╪╖╪▒╪к╪М ╪│┌Ж█М ┘Е╪н╪и╪к╪М ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒┘Е█М╪з┘Ж ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В╪з╪к╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Е╪╣╪з╪┤╪▒╪к█М ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д┘И┌║ ┘╛╪▒ ┌п┘Б╪к┌п┘И ┌й█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т█Ф █Б╪▒ ╪и╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪з┘Б┌й╪з╪▒ ┌й┘И ┘Е╪о╪к╪╡╪▒╪М ╪│╪з╪п█Б╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┌п█Б╪▒█М ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М╪з █Б█Т╪М ╪м┘Ж█Б█М┌║ ┘Д┘И┌п ╪в╪м ╪и┌╛█М ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪▒┘И╪▓┘Е╪▒█Б ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪│╪к╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д ┌й╪▒╪к█Т █Б█М┌║█Ф
- ╪и╪з╪и ╪з┘И┘Д – ╪в╪п╪з╪и ╪╡╪н╪и╪к: ╪з╪│ ╪и╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪┤█М╪о ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ╪з┌Ж┌╛█Т ╪│┘Д┘И┌й╪М ┘Е╪н┘Ж╪к╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з█М┘Е╪з┘Ж╪п╪з╪▒█М ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ┌й┘И ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒┘Е█М╪з┘Ж ╪з┌Ж┌╛█Т ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В╪з╪к ┌й┘И ┘В╪з╪ж┘Е ╪▒┌й┌╛┘Ж█Т ┌й█М ┌й┘И╪┤╪┤ ┌й█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т█Ф
- ╪и╪з╪и ╪п┘И┘Е – ╪н┌й┘Е╪к: ╪з╪│ ╪и╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪н┌й┘Е╪к ┌й█Т ╪и╪з╪▒█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и╪з╪к ┌й█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘И█Б ╪з┘Ж ╪н┌й█М┘Е┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪и╪▓╪▒┌п╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪и╪з╪▒█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и╪з╪к ┌й╪▒╪к█Т █Б█М┌║ ╪м┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ╪к╪м╪▒╪и╪з╪к ╪│█Т ╪│█М┌й┌╛╪з ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п┘И╪│╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪│┌й┌╛╪з█М╪з█Ф
- ╪и╪з╪и ╪│┘И┘Е – ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М╪з╪к: █М█Б╪з┌║ ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з┌Ж┌╛█Т ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪▓┘И╪▒ ╪п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ┌й█Б╪з ┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪з╪╡┘Д ╪│╪▒┘Е╪з╪ж█Т ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪з┌Ж┌╛█Т ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В █Б█М┌║█Ф
- ╪и╪з╪и ┌Ж█Б╪з╪▒┘Е – ╪з┘Ж╪╡╪з┘Б: ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з╪│ ╪и╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з┘Ж╪╡╪з┘Б ┌й█Т ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д┘И┌║ ┘╛╪▒ ╪▒┘И╪┤┘Ж█М ┌И╪з┘Д█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒┘Е█М╪з┘Ж ╪╣╪п┘Д ┘И ╪з┘Ж╪╡╪з┘Б ┌й┘И ┘В╪з╪ж┘Е ╪▒┌й┌╛┘Ж█Т ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪и╪к╪з╪ж█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т█Ф
- ╪и╪з╪и ┘╛┘Ж╪м┘Е – ┘Е╪н╪и╪к: ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ┘Е╪н╪и╪к ┌й█М ╪н┘В█М┘В╪к ┌й┘И ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┘Е╪╖╪з╪и┘В╪М ┘Е╪н╪и╪к ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪▒┘И╪н╪з┘Ж█М╪к ┌й█М ╪к╪▒┘В█М ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪╢╪▒┘И╪▒█М █Б█Т╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ █М█Б ╪з█М┌й ┘╛╪з┌й█М╪▓█Б ╪м╪░╪и█Б █Б█Т█Ф
- ╪и╪з╪и ╪┤╪┤┘Е – ┘Е╪│┌й╪▒╪з█Б┘╣: ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з╪│ ╪и╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪│┌й╪▒╪з█Б┘╣ ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ┌й┘И ╪и╪к╪з█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ┌й█Б╪з ┌й█Б ╪з█М┌й ┘Е╪│┌й╪▒╪з█Б┘╣ ╪│█Т ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒┘Е█М╪з┘Ж ┘Е╪н╪и╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В╪з╪к ┌й┘И ╪и┌С┌╛╪з█М╪з ╪м╪з ╪│┌й╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф
- ╪и╪з╪и █Б┘Б╪к┘Е – ╪и╪▒█Т ┌й╪з┘Е┘И┌║ ╪│█Т ╪и┌Ж┘Ж╪з: ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘Ж ╪и╪▒█Т ╪з╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д ╪│█Т ╪и┌Ж┘Ж█Т ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪и╪к╪з╪ж█М █Б█Т ╪м┘И ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ┌п╪▒╪з┘И┘╣ ┌й╪з ╪и╪з╪╣╪л ╪и┘Ж╪к█Т █Б█М┌║█Ф
- ╪и╪з╪и █Б╪┤╪к┘Е – ╪к┘В╪п█М╪▒: ╪з╪│ ╪и╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪к┘В╪п█М╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘В╪│┘Е╪к ┌й█Т ╪и╪з╪▒█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и╪з╪к ┌й█М █Б█Т█Ф
“┌п┘Д╪│╪к╪з┘Ж” ┌й█М ╪о╪╡┘И╪╡█М╪з╪к
“┌п┘Д╪│╪к╪з┘Ж” ┌й█М ╪│╪и ╪│█Т ╪и┌С█М ╪о╪╡┘И╪╡█М╪к ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪│╪з╪п┌п█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪л╪▒ ╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▓█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪│┘Д█М╪│ ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪п┘Д┘Ж╪┤█М┘Ж ╪и┘Ж╪з█М╪з█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪н╪▒█М╪▒ ┌й█М ╪│╪з╪п┌п█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪н┌й┘Е╪к ┘Ж█Т ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┌й┘И ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ╪┤╪з█Б┌й╪з╪▒ ╪и┘Ж╪з ╪п█М╪з╪М ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з╪│█Т ╪╣╪з┘Д┘Е█М ╪з╪п╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и┌╛█М ╪з█М┌й ╪з█Б┘Е ┘Е┘В╪з┘Е ╪п┘Д╪з█М╪з█Ф ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┌й█Т ╪м┘Е┘Д█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪┤╪╣╪з╪▒ ╪╣┘И╪з┘Е█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪│╪к╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д █Б┘И┘Ж█Т ┘И╪з┘Д█Т ┘Е╪н╪з┘И╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪┤┌й┘Д ╪з╪о╪к█М╪з╪▒ ┌й╪▒ ┌п╪ж█Т╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Ж╪╡█М╪н╪к█М┌║ ╪в╪м ╪и┌╛█М ┘Д┘И┌п┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М┘И┌║ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪▒┌й┌╛╪к█М █Б█М┌║█Ф
- ╪з╪о╪к╪╡╪з╪▒: ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┌й█М ╪к╪н╪▒█М╪▒ ┌й█М ╪│╪и ╪│█Т ╪и┌С█М ╪о╪╡┘И╪╡█М╪к ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪з╪о╪к╪╡╪з╪▒ █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ╪│╪з╪п█Б ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Е╪о╪к╪╡╪▒ ╪м┘Е┘Д┘И┌║ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘╛█М┌Ж█М╪п█Б ╪з┘И╪▒ ┌п█Б╪▒█М ╪и╪з╪к█М┌║ ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М █Б█М┌║█Ф
- ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к: ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪│╪и┘В ╪п█М╪з█Ф █М█Б ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪к╪п╪и╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪н┌й┘Е╪к ┘╛╪▒ ┘Е╪и┘Ж█М █Б█М┌║ ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪▒┘И╪н╪з┘Ж█М ┘╛█Б┘Д┘И╪д┌║ ┌й┘И ╪и┌╛█М ╪з╪м╪з┌п╪▒ ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф
- ┘Е╪▓╪з╪н ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪╖┘Ж╪▓: ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪к╪н╪▒█М╪▒┘И┌║ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪▓╪з╪н ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪╖┘Ж╪▓ ┌й┘И ╪и┌╛█М ╪з╪│╪к╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д ┌й█М╪з╪М ╪м╪│ ╪│█Т ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┌й┘И ╪з█М┌й ╪п┘Д┌Ж╪│┘╛ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п┘Д ┘Д┌п╪з┘Ж ┘И╪з┘Д╪з ╪з┘Ж╪п╪з╪▓ ╪п█М╪з█Ф ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ┘Е╪╣╪з╪┤╪▒╪к█М ╪и╪▒╪з╪ж█М┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪и█Т ╪з┘Ж╪╡╪з┘Б█М┘И┌║ ┌й╪з ┌й┌╛┘Д ┌й╪▒ ┘Е╪░╪з┘В ╪з┌С╪з█М╪з█Ф
“┌п┘Д╪│╪к╪з┘Ж” ┌й█М ╪╣╪з┘Д┘Е█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к
“┌п┘Д╪│╪к╪з┘Ж” ┌й┘И ╪╣╪з┘Д┘Е█М ╪з╪п╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ┌п█Б╪▒╪з╪ж█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪│╪з╪п┌п█М ┌й█М ┘И╪м█Б ╪│█Т ╪и█Т ┘╛┘Ж╪з█Б ┘╛╪░█М╪▒╪з╪ж█М ╪н╪з╪╡┘Д █Б┘И╪ж█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┌й╪з ╪к╪▒╪м┘Е█Б ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┘Е█М┌║ ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ █М█Б ╪п┘Ж█М╪з ╪и┌╛╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Д┘И┌п┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М┘И┌║ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪▒┌й┌╛╪к█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┌й█М ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪│╪и┘В ╪в╪м ╪и┌╛█М ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й┘И ╪и█Б╪к╪▒ ╪и┘Ж╪з┘Ж█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪п╪п┌п╪з╪▒ ╪л╪з╪и╪к █Б┘И ╪▒█Б█Т █Б█М┌║█Ф
╪┤█М╪о ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┌й█М ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪│╪и┘В:
- ┘Е╪н╪и╪к: ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪к╪н╪▒█М╪▒┘И┌║ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪н╪и╪к ┌й┘И ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪│╪и ╪│█Т ╪и┌С█М ╪о┘И╪и█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Б╪╖╪▒╪к ┌й╪з ╪н╪╡█Б ┘В╪▒╪з╪▒ ╪п█М╪з█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┘Е╪╖╪з╪и┘В ┘Е╪н╪и╪к ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪з╪▒╪к┘В╪з╪б ┌й╪з ╪з█Б┘Е ╪м╪▓┘И █Б█Т█Ф
- ╪п┘И╪│╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ╪н╪│┘Ж ╪│┘Д┘И┌й: ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т █Б┘Е█М╪┤█Б ╪п┘И╪│╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ╪н╪│┘Ж ╪│┘Д┘И┌й ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪▓┘И╪▒ ╪п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ┌й█Б╪з ┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В ╪│█Т ┘Д┘И┌п┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪п┘Д┘И┌║ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪м┌п█Б ╪и┘Ж╪з┘Ж█М ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т█Ф
- ╪╡╪и╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪к╪н┘Е┘Д: ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┘Е█М┌║ ╪╡╪и╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪к╪н┘Е┘Д ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪и╪к╪з╪ж█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ┌й█Б╪з ┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И ┘Е╪┤┌й┘Д╪з╪к ┌й╪з ┘Е┘В╪з╪и┘Д█Б ┌й╪▒╪к█Т █Б┘И╪ж█Т ╪╡╪и╪▒ ┌й╪з ╪п╪з┘Е┘Ж █Б╪з╪к┌╛ ╪│█Т ┘Ж█Б█М┌║ ┌Ж┌╛┘И┌С┘Ж╪з ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т█Ф
- ╪│┌Ж╪з╪ж█М: ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪│┌Ж╪з╪ж█М ┌й┘И ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й╪з ╪│╪и ╪│█Т ╪и┌С╪з ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д ┘В╪▒╪з╪▒ ╪п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┘Е╪╖╪з╪и┘В ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И █Б┘Е█М╪┤█Б ╪│┌Ж ╪и┘И┘Д┘Ж╪з ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т╪М ┌Ж╪з█Б█Т ╪н╪з┘Д╪з╪к ╪м█М╪│█Т ╪и┌╛█М █Б┘И┌║█Ф
┘Ж╪к█М╪м█Б
“┌п┘Д╪│╪к╪з┘Ж” ╪┤█М╪о ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┌й█М ╪з█М┌й ╪и█Т ┘Е╪л┘Д ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪╣╪╕█М┘Е ╪к╪╡┘Ж█М┘Б █Б█Т╪М ╪м┘И ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ┌й╪з ╪з█М┌й ╪│┘Ж┌п ┘Е█М┘Д █Б█Т ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪╣╪з┘Д┘Е█М ╪з╪п╪и ┌й╪з ╪и┌╛█М ╪з█М┌й ┘Д╪з╪▓┘И╪з┘Д ╪н╪╡█Б ╪и┘Ж ┌Ж┌й█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┌й█М ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ┘Ж╪╡█М╪н╪к█М┌║ ╪в╪м ╪и┌╛█М ┘Д┘И┌п┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪и█Б╪к╪▒ ╪и┘Ж╪з┘Ж█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪п╪п┌п╪з╪▒ ╪л╪з╪и╪к █Б┘И ╪▒█Б█М █Б█М┌║█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪│╪з╪п█Б╪М ┘Е┌п╪▒ ┌п█Б╪▒█М ╪к╪н╪▒█М╪▒ ╪в╪м ╪и┌╛█М ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒┘Е█М╪з┘Ж ┘Е╪н╪и╪к╪М ╪н╪│┘Ж ╪│┘Д┘И┌й ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ┘Б╪▒┘И╪║ ╪п█М╪к█М █Б█Т█Ф “┌п┘Д╪│╪к╪з┘Ж” ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪з█М┌й ┌й╪к╪з╪и █Б█Т ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж█М╪к ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪з█М┌й ╪з█М╪│╪з ╪▒█Б┘Ж┘Е╪з ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д █Б█Т ╪м╪│ ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ╪╡╪н█М╪н ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д┘И┌║ ┘╛╪▒ ╪╣┘Е┘Д ┌й█М╪з ╪м╪з ╪│┌й╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф
Sheikh Saadi Shirazi and His Work “Gulistan”
Sheikh Saadi Shirazi, considered one of the greatest poets and philosophers of Persian literature, was a famous Persian writer, poet, and scholar of the 13th century. His full name was “Sheikh Abu Muhammad Mushrif al-Din Saadi,” and he gained global fame for the depth of his thoughts, his philosophy of life, and his moral teachings. His renowned work Gulistan (The Rose Garden) is not only a masterpiece of Persian literature but has also had a profound impact on world literature.
Sheikh Saadi’s Life: Sheikh Saadi Shirazi was born around 1210, and he was a resident of Shiraz, Iran. His early education took place in Shiraz, after which he traveled to Baghdad and other intellectual centers to further his studies. Saadi spent much of his life in various countries, where he closely observed different civilizations, religions, and social systems. A portion of his life was spent during invasions, wars, and captivity. These experiences and observations are reflected in his writings.
Creation of Gulistan: Gulistan was created in 1258 when Saadi had already become an experienced scholar. This book is a collection of prose and poetry, which presents various aspects of life, moral advice, and true stories. Saadi emphasized humanity, good conduct, and social relationships in this work. Not only does Gulistan provide moral lessons and fundamental principles of human life, but the tales and stories within it also reflect the social realities of that time.
Themes of Gulistan: The themes of Gulistan focus on the realities of life, good deeds of a person, and the inner qualities of an individual. The book consists of 8 chapters, in which Saadi discusses moral teachings, human nature, true love, human relationships, and social principles. In each chapter, Saadi conveys his thoughts through concise, simple, and profound stories that people continue to apply in their everyday lives.
- Chapter One – Etiquette of Companionship: In this chapter, Sheikh Saadi discusses the importance of good behavior, hard work, and honesty in human relationships, focusing on maintaining good relations between people.
- Chapter Two – Wisdom: This chapter discusses wisdom, where Saadi talks about the sages and elders who learned from their life experiences and taught others.
- Chapter Three – Morality: Saadi emphasizes the importance of good morals, stating that a personтАЩs true wealth lies in their good character.
- Chapter Four – Justice: Saadi highlights the principles of justice in this chapter, stressing the importance of upholding justice and fairness among people.
- Chapter Five – Love: Saadi discusses the reality of love, asserting that love is essential for the spiritual development of a person and is a pure emotion.
- Chapter Six – Smiling: In this chapter, Saadi talks about the importance of a smile, claiming that a smile can foster love and relationships between people.
- Chapter Seven – Avoiding Bad Actions: Saadi discusses the importance of avoiding actions that lead to moral degradation.
- Chapter Eight – Fate: In this chapter, Saadi explores the concepts of fate and a personтАЩs destiny.
Characteristics of Gulistan: The greatest characteristic of Gulistan is the simplicity and effectiveness of its language. Saadi not only made Persian language lucid but also delightful. The simplicity and wisdom of his writing have not only made this book a masterpiece in Persian literature but have also earned it an important place in world literature. Saadi’s phrases and verses have become popular proverbs, and his advice continues to hold significance in people’s lives today.
- Brevity: One of the key features of SaadiтАЩs writing is its brevity. He conveys complex and profound ideas in simple and concise sentences.
- Stories: Through his stories and tales, Saadi imparts moral lessons. These stories are not only based on wisdom and reflection but also highlight the spiritual aspects of human beings.
- Humor and Satire: Saadi also employed humor and satire in his writings, giving the book an engaging and entertaining style. He openly mocked social evils and injustices.
Global Significance of Gulistan: Gulistan has received immense acclaim in world literature for its moral depth and simplicity. The book has been translated into various languages and holds significance in the lives of people across the world. The stories and moral lessons from Gulistan continue to help improve human lives.
Sheikh Saadi’s Tales and Moral Teachings:
- Love: In his writings, Saadi considered love as the greatest virtue and a natural part of human nature. According to him, love is an essential element of a personтАЩs moral development.
- Good Conduct with Others: Saadi always emphasized the importance of treating others with kindness. He believed that a person should win the hearts of others through their good character.
- Patience and Forbearance: Saadi highlighted the importance of patience and forbearance in life, asserting that one should never lose patience in the face of difficulties.
- Truthfulness: Saadi considered truthfulness to be the greatest principle in life, encouraging people to always speak the truth regardless of circumstances.
Conclusion: Gulistan is a unique and magnificent work by Sheikh Saadi, which is not only a milestone in Persian literature but has also become an eternal part of world literature. SaadiтАЩs tales and moral advice continue to help improve peopleтАЩs lives. His simple yet profound writing promotes love, good conduct, and moral principles among people even today. Gulistan is not just a book; it is a guiding principle for humanity, offering a way to live according to the true principles of life.
