Classical Persian Prose
╪┤█М╪о ╪│╪╣╪п█М ╪┤█М╪▒╪з╪▓█М: ╪з┘Ж╪к╪о╪з╪и ╪з╪▓ ┌п┘Д╪│╪к╪з┘Ж (█Б╪┤╪к ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к ╪з╪▓ ╪и╪з╪и ╪з┘И┘Д)
╪┤█М╪о ╪│╪╣╪п█М ╪┤█М╪▒╪з╪▓█М ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█Т ╪з█М┌й ╪╣╪╕█М┘Е ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒╪М ┘Ж╪л╪▒┘Ж┌п╪з╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪н┌й█М┘Е █Б█М┌║ ╪м┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪к╪н╪▒█М╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж█М╪к╪М ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М╪з╪к╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ┘╛█Б┘Д┘И╪д┌║ ┌й┘И ┘Ж█Б╪з█М╪к ╪о┘И╪и╪╡┘И╪▒╪к█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪│╪з╪п┌п█М ╪│█Т ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М╪з█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪│╪и ╪│█Т ┘Е╪┤█Б┘И╪▒ ╪к╪╡┘Ж█М┘Б ┌п┘Д╪│╪к╪з┘Ж █Б█Т╪М ╪м┘И ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М╪М ╪п█М┘Ж█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Е╪╣╪з╪┤╪▒╪к█М ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к ┘╛╪▒ ┘Е╪┤╪к┘Е┘Д █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█М ╪н┘В█М┘В╪к┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪▒┘И╪▓┘Е╪▒█Б ┌й█Т ┘Е╪│╪з╪ж┘Д ┌й┘И ╪┤╪╣╪▒█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Ж╪л╪▒█М ╪з┘Ж╪п╪з╪▓ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф
┌п┘Д╪│╪к╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪и╪з╪и ╪з┘И┘Д ┘Е█М┌║ ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Б╪╖╪▒╪к╪М ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В╪М ┘Е╪╣╪з╪┤╪▒╪к█М ╪▒┘И╪з╪и╪╖╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪з┘Ж╪п╪▒ ┘Е┘И╪м┘И╪п ╪з┌Ж┌╛╪з╪ж█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪и╪▒╪з╪ж█М ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒┘Е█М╪з┘Ж ╪к┘И╪з╪▓┘Ж ┌й┘И ┘Ж┘Е╪з█М╪з┌║ ┌й█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ╪и╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и█Б╪к ╪│█М ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к ┘╛█М╪┤ ┌й█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█М┌║ ╪м┘Ж ┘Е█М┌║ ╪│█Т █Б╪┤╪к ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к ┌й┘И ┘Е┘Ж╪к╪о╪и ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ╪з█Б┘Е ╪│╪и┘В ╪п█М█Т ┌п╪ж█Т █Б█М┌║╪М ╪м┘И ╪в╪м ╪и┌╛█М ╪п┘Ж█М╪з ╪и┌╛╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Д┘И┌п┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪▒█Б┘Ж┘Е╪з╪ж█М ┌й╪з ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Б █Б█М┌║█Ф ╪з┘Ж ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Б┘Д╪│┘Б█М╪з┘Ж█Б ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪╣┘Е┘Д█М ╪п┘И┘Ж┘И┌║ ┘╛█Б┘Д┘И █Б█М┌║╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж█М ╪▒┘И╪н ┌й█М ┌п█Б╪▒╪з╪ж█М┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪│┘Е╪м┌╛╪з ┌й╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪л╪и╪к ╪к╪и╪п█М┘Д█М ┘Д╪з┘Ж█Т ┌й█М ┌й┘И╪┤╪┤ ┌й█М █Б█Т█Ф
1. ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к: “╪п╪▒╪о╪к ┌й█М █Б╪п╪з█М╪к“
┘╛█Б┘Д█М ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪п╪▒╪о╪к ┌й█М █Б╪п╪з█М╪к ┌й█М ╪и╪з╪к ┌й█М █Б█Т█Ф █М█Б ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й█М ┘Б╪╖╪▒╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М╪з╪к ┌й█М ╪╣┌й╪з╪│█М ┌й╪▒╪к█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┌й█Б╪к█Т █Б█М┌║ ┌й█Б ╪п╪▒╪о╪к ╪▓┘Е█М┘Ж ╪│█Т ╪м┌С ┌й╪▒ ┘╛┌╛┘Д ╪п█М╪к╪з █Б█Т╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪и┌╛█М ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪м┌С█М┌║ ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д┘И┌║ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪╢╪и┘И╪╖ ╪▒┌й┌╛┘Ж█М ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т ╪к╪з┌й█Б ┘И█Б ╪│┌Ж█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┌Ж┌╛█Т ╪з╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д ┌й╪▒ ╪│┌й█М┌║█Ф ╪п╪▒╪о╪к ┌й╪з ┘╛┌╛┘Д ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ┘Б╪з╪ж╪п█Б ┘Е┘Ж╪п █Б┘И╪к╪з █Б█Т╪М ╪з╪│█М ╪╖╪▒╪н ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Ж█М┌й█М╪з┌║ ╪и┌╛█М ╪п┘И╪│╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ┘Б╪з╪ж╪п█Б ┘Е┘Ж╪п █Б┘И┘Ж█М ┌Ж╪з█Б╪ж█М┌║█Ф
2. ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к: “┌Ж┘Ж╪п ╪з╪н┘И╪з┘Д ╪и╪з╪▒█М╪з╪и█М“
╪п┘И╪│╪▒█М ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з█М┌й ╪┤╪о╪╡ ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█М ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М █Б█Т ╪м┘И ┌й╪з┘Е█М╪з╪и█М ┌й█М ╪к┘Д╪з╪┤ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪к┌╛╪з█Ф ╪з╪│ ┘Ж█Т █Б╪▒ ╪╖╪▒┘Б ╪│█Т ┘Е╪п╪п ╪╖┘Д╪и ┌й█М╪М ┘Д█М┌й┘Ж ╪в╪о╪▒┌й╪з╪▒ ╪з╪│█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ┘Е╪н┘Ж╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪│┌Ж╪з╪ж█М ┌й█Т ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ┌й╪з┘Е█М╪з╪и█М ╪н╪з╪╡┘Д █Б┘И╪ж█М█Ф █М█Б ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И ╪з╪│ ╪и╪з╪к ┌й╪з ╪п╪▒╪│ ╪п█М╪к█М █Б█Т ┌й█Б ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┘Е█М┌║ ┌й╪з┘Е█М╪з╪и█М ╪╡╪▒┘Б ┘Е╪н┘Ж╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з█М┘Е╪з┘Ж╪п╪з╪▒█М ╪│█Т ╪н╪з╪╡┘Д █Б┘И╪к█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И ┌й╪│█М ╪п┘И╪│╪▒█Т ┌й█М ┘Е╪п╪п ┌й╪з ╪з┘Ж╪к╪╕╪з╪▒ ┘Ж█Б█М┌║ ┌й╪▒┘Ж╪з ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т╪М ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪м╪п┘И ╪м█Б╪п ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪│┌Ж╪з╪ж█М ┌й┘И ╪з┘╛┘Ж╪з ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д ╪и┘Ж╪з┘Ж╪з ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т█Ф
3. ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к: “╪о┘И╪п ┌й█М ╪н┘В█М┘В╪к“
╪к█М╪│╪▒█М ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪н┘В█М┘В╪к ╪│┘Е╪м┌╛┘Ж█Т ┌й█М ╪и╪з╪к ┌й█М █Б█Т█Ф ┘И█Б ┌й█Б╪к█Т █Б█М┌║ ┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И ╪о┘И╪п ┌й┘И ┘╛█Б┌Ж╪з┘Ж┘Ж╪з ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т ╪к╪з┌й█Б ┘И█Б ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ┌й┘Е╪▓┘И╪▒█М┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪╖╪з┘В╪к┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪и█Б╪к╪▒ ╪╖╪▒█М┘В█Т ╪│█Т ╪м╪з┘Ж ╪│┌й█Т█Ф █М█Б ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к ╪о┘И╪п ╪┤┘Ж╪з╪│█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪о┘И╪п ╪з╪н╪к╪│╪з╪и█М ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ┌й┘И ┘И╪з╪╢╪н ┌й╪▒╪к█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪м╪и ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪н┘В█М┘В╪к ┌й┘И ╪│┘Е╪м┌╛╪к╪з █Б█Т ╪к┘И ┘И█Б ╪и█Б╪к╪▒ ┘Б█М╪╡┘Д█Т ┌й╪▒ ╪│┌й╪к╪з █Б█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й┘И ╪и█Б╪к╪▒ ╪и┘Ж╪з ╪│┌й╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф
4. ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к: “╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪╣┘Е┘Д“
┌Ж┘И╪к┌╛█М ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪╣┘Е┘Д ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪▓┘И╪▒ ╪п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ┘И█Б ┌й█Б╪к█Т █Б█М┌║ ┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪з╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪н┘В█М┘В╪к ┌й┘И ╪╕╪з█Б╪▒ ┌й╪▒╪к█Т █Б█М┌║█Ф ╪з┌п╪▒ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ╪з┌Ж┌╛█Т ╪з╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д ┌й╪▒█Т ┌п╪з ╪к┘И ┘И█Б ╪з┌Ж┌╛╪з ╪┤╪о╪╡ ╪и┘Ж█Т ┌п╪з ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┌п╪▒ ┘И█Б ╪и╪▒█Т ╪з╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д ┌й╪▒█Т ┌п╪з ╪к┘И ╪з╪│ ┌й╪з ╪з╪л╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪┤╪о╪╡█М╪к ┘╛╪▒ ┘╛┌С█Т ┌п╪з█Ф █М█Б ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И ╪и╪к╪з╪к█М █Б█Т ┌й█Б ┘И█Б ╪м┘И ┌й┌Ж┌╛ ╪и┌╛█М ┌й╪▒╪к╪з █Б█Т╪М ╪з╪│ ┌й╪з ╪з╪л╪▒ ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┘╛╪▒ ┘╛┌С╪к╪з █Б█Т ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ┘Е╪╣╪з╪┤╪▒╪к█М ╪▒┘И╪з╪и╪╖ ┘╛╪▒ ╪и┌╛█М ╪з╪л╪▒ ╪з┘Ж╪п╪з╪▓ █Б┘И╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф
5. ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к: “╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪╖╪з┘В╪к“
┘╛╪з┘Ж┌Ж┘И█М┌║ ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪╖╪з┘В╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪▒┘И╪┤┘Ж█М ┌И╪з┘Д█М █Б█Т█Ф ┘И█Б ┌й█Б╪к█Т █Б█М┌║ ┌й█Б ╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪з█М┌й ╪╖╪з┘В╪к┘И╪▒ ╪в┘Д█Б █Б█Т ╪м╪│ ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ┘И█Б ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪о█М╪з┘Д╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪н╪│╪з╪│╪з╪к ┌й┘И ╪п┘И╪│╪▒┘И┌║ ╪к┌й ┘╛█Б┘Ж┌Ж╪з ╪│┌й╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪╖╪з┘В╪к ┌й┘И ╪│┘Е╪м┌╛ ┌й╪▒ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И ┘Е╪н╪к╪з╪╖ ╪▒█Б┘Ж╪з ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т╪М ┌й█М┘И┘Ж┌й█Б █М█Б ╪╖╪з┘В╪к ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪з╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д ┌й╪з ╪к╪╣█М┘Ж ┌й╪▒╪к█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪│╪╣╪п█М ╪з╪│ ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И ╪│┌й┌╛╪з╪к█Т █Б█М┌║ ┌й█Б ╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ╪│█Т ┘Ж┌й┘Д█Т ╪з┘Д┘Б╪з╪╕ ┌й╪з ╪з╪л╪▒ ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪и┘И┘Д┘Ж█Т ┘И╪з┘Д█Т ┘╛╪▒ ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪│┘Ж┘Ж█Т ┘И╪з┘Д█Т ┘╛╪▒ ╪и┌╛█М ┘╛┌С╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф
6. ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к: “╪╣┘Д┘Е ┌й╪з ╪╖┘Д╪и“
┌Ж┌╛┘╣█М ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪╣┘Д┘Е ┌й█Т ╪╖┘Д╪и ┌й█Т ╪и╪з╪▒█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и╪з╪к ┌й█М █Б█Т█Ф ┘И█Б ┌й█Б╪к█Т █Б█М┌║ ┌й█Б ╪╣┘Д┘Е ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪│╪и ╪│█Т ┘В█М┘Е╪к█М ┌Ж█М╪▓ █Б█Т ┌й█М┘И┘Ж┌й█Б █М█Б ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к┘В╪п█М╪▒ ╪и╪п┘Д┘Ж█Т ┌й█М ╪╡┘Д╪з╪н█М╪к ╪▒┌й┌╛╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪│╪╣╪п█М ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И ╪╣┘Д┘Е ╪н╪з╪╡┘Д ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┌й█М ╪к╪▒╪║█М╪и ╪п█М╪к█Т █Б█М┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ┌й█Б╪к█Т █Б█М┌║ ┌й█Б ╪╣┘Д┘Е ┌й█М ╪▒┘И╪┤┘Ж█М ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ╪з┘Ж╪п┌╛█М╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й╪▒ ╪│┌й╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф █М█Б ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к ╪╣┘Д┘Е ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ┌й┘И ╪з╪м╪з┌п╪▒ ┌й╪▒╪к█М █Б█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И ╪╣┘Д┘Е ┌й█М ╪м╪│╪к╪м┘И ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪н┘Ж╪к ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┌й█М ╪к╪▒╪║█М╪и ╪п█М╪к█М █Б█Т█Ф
7. ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к: “┌й╪з┘Е█М╪з╪и█М ┌й╪з ╪▒╪з╪▓“
╪│╪з╪к┘И█М┌║ ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ┌й╪з┘Е█М╪з╪и█М ┌й╪з ╪▒╪з╪▓ ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ┘И█Б ┌й█Б╪к█Т █Б█М┌║ ┌й█Б ┌й╪з┘Е█М╪з╪и█М ┌й╪│█М ╪и┌╛█М ╪╡┘И╪▒╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪н╪з╪╡┘Д ┌й█М ╪м╪з ╪│┌й╪к█М █Б█Т╪М ╪и╪┤╪▒╪╖█М┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪╣┘Е┘Д ┘Е█М┌║ ╪о┘Д┘И╪╡ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪│┌Ж╪з╪ж█М ╪▒┌й┌╛█Т█Ф ╪│╪╣╪п█М ╪з╪│ ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И █М█Б ╪│┌й┌╛╪з╪к█Т █Б█М┌║ ┌й█Б ┌й╪з┘Е█М╪з╪и█М ╪╡╪▒┘Б ┘Е╪н┘Ж╪к ┌й╪з ┘Ж╪к█М╪м█Б ┘Ж█Б█М┌║ █Б█Т ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з█М┘Е╪з┘Ж╪п╪з╪▒█М ┌й╪з ╪и┌╛█М ╪и┌С╪з ┌й╪▒╪п╪з╪▒ █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┌п╪▒ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ┘Е┘В╪╡╪п ┘Е█М┌║ ╪│┌Ж╪з╪ж█М ┌й█Т ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ┘Е╪н┘Ж╪к ┌й╪▒█Т ┌п╪з ╪к┘И ┘И█Б ┌й╪з┘Е█М╪з╪и █Б┘И┌п╪з█Ф
8. ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к: “┘╛█Б┘Ж┌Ж┘Ж█Т ┌й╪з ╪╖╪▒█М┘В█Б“
╪в┘╣┌╛┘И█М┌║ ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┘Е┘В╪╡╪п ╪к┌й ┘╛█Б┘Ж┌Ж┘Ж█Т ┌й█Т ╪╖╪▒█М┘В█Т ┘╛╪▒ ╪▒┘И╪┤┘Ж█М ┌И╪з┘Д█М █Б█Т█Ф ┘И█Б ┌й█Б╪к█Т █Б█М┌║ ┌й█Б ┘Е┘В╪╡╪п ╪к┌й ┘╛█Б┘Ж┌Ж┘Ж█Т ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪▒╪з╪│╪к█Б ╪╡╪з┘Б ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘И╪з╪╢╪н █Б┘И┘Ж╪з ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И ┌й╪│█М ╪и┌╛█М ┘Е┘В╪╡╪п ┌й█Т ╪н╪╡┘И┘Д ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ┘╛█Б┘Д█Т ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪│┘Е╪м┌╛┘Ж█М ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘╛┌╛╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪н╪╡┘И┘Д ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ┘Е╪н┘Ж╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪│╪╣█М ┌й╪▒┘Ж╪з ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т█Ф ╪│╪╣╪п█М ╪з╪│ ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И ╪и╪к╪з╪к█Т █Б█М┌║ ┌й█Б ┌й┘И╪ж█М ╪и┌╛█М ┘Е┘В╪╡╪п ╪к╪и ╪к┌й ╪н╪з╪╡┘Д ┘Ж█Б█М┌║ █Б┘И ╪│┌й╪к╪з ╪м╪и ╪к┌й ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ╪з╪│█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й╪з ┘Е┘В╪╡╪п ┘Ж█Б ╪и┘Ж╪з ┘Д█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ┘Е╪н┘Ж╪к ┘Ж█Б ┌й╪▒█Т█Ф
┘Ж╪к█М╪м█Б:
╪┤█М╪о ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┌й█М ┌п┘Д╪│╪к╪з┘Ж ┘Е█М┌║ ┘╛█М╪┤ ┌й█М ┌п╪ж█М ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪з╪п╪и ┌й╪з ╪з█Б┘Е ╪н╪╡█Б █Б█М┌║ ╪и┘Д┌й█Б █М█Б ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ╪з█Б┘Е ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪и┌╛█М ┘Ж┘Е╪з╪ж┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й╪▒╪к█М █Б█М┌║█Ф ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘Ж ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М╪М ╪п█М┘Ж█М╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Е╪╣╪з╪┤╪▒╪к█М ╪з┘В╪п╪з╪▒ ┌й┘И ┘Ж█Б╪з█М╪к ╪│╪з╪п┌п█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪в╪│╪з┘Ж█М ╪│█Т ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪м┘И ┘╛█М╪║╪з┘Е╪з╪к █Б█М┌║ ┘И█Б ╪в╪м ╪и┌╛█М ┘Д┘И┌п┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪▒█Б┘Ж┘Е╪з╪ж█М ┌й╪з ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Б █Б█М┌║█Ф ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┌й█М █М█Б ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к █Б┘Е█М┌║ ╪и╪к╪з╪к█М █Б█М┌║ ┌й█Б ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┘Е█М┌║ ┌й╪з┘Е█М╪з╪и█М╪М ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д┘И┌║╪М ╪╣┘Д┘Е╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Е╪н┘Ж╪к ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪з┘Д┘Б╪з╪╕ ╪в╪м ╪и┌╛█М ┘Д┘И┌п┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪и█Б╪к╪▒ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ╪и┘Ж┘Ж█Т ┌й█М ╪к╪▒╪║█М╪и ╪п█М╪к█Т █Б█М┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж█М╪к ┌й█Т ╪╣╪╕█М┘Е ╪к╪▒█М┘Ж ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪к╪╣┘Д█М┘Е ╪п█М╪к█Т █Б█М┌║█Ф
Sheikh Saadi Shirazi: Selections from the Gulistan (Eight Narratives from the First Chapter)
Sheikh Saadi Shirazi is one of the greatest poets, prose writers, and philosophers in Persian literature. Through his writings, he beautifully and simply expressed the values of humanity, ethics, and various aspects of life. His most famous work, Gulistan (The Rose Garden), consists of moral, religious, and social anecdotes. In this book, Saadi depicts the realities of human life and addresses everyday issues through both poetic and prose styles. The first chapter of Gulistan highlights the nature of human beings, their ethics, social relationships, and the balance between good and evil within them. In this chapter, many anecdotes are presented, of which eight have been selected for this discussion. These narratives provide valuable moral and life lessons, which remain relevant for people worldwide. The stories encompass both philosophical and practical aspects, and Saadi seeks to bring positive change by deeply understanding the human soul.
1. The Story of “The Guidance of the Tree”
In the first narrative, Saadi speaks of the guidance of a tree. This story reflects human nature and ethics. Saadi says that a tree, rooted in the earth, gives fruit. Similarly, humans should keep their roots firmly planted in their principles so that they can act truthfully and virtuously. The fruit of a tree benefits others, just as the good deeds of a person should be beneficial to others. This story emphasizes the importance of staying grounded in moral values to live a fruitful life that can positively impact society.
2. The Story of “A Few Circumstances of Success”
In the second narrative, Saadi recounts the story of a person in search of success. He sought help from all directions, but ultimately, it was his own hard work and honesty that brought him success. This tale teaches that success in life comes through effort and integrity. One should not wait for help from others but should make hard work and truthfulness their guiding principles in achieving their goals.
3. The Story of “Understanding OneтАЩs True Self”
In the third narrative, Saadi talks about the importance of self-awareness. He advises that one should understand their true self in order to better recognize their weaknesses and strengths. This story highlights the importance of self-awareness and self-reflection. When a person understands their true nature, they can make better decisions and improve their life.
4. The Story of “The Importance of One’s Actions”
In the fourth narrative, Saadi emphasizes the significance of human actions. He says that a person’s actions reflect their true character. If a person performs good deeds, they will become a good person, while bad actions will tarnish their character. This story teaches that everything a person does not only affects their own life but also impacts their social relationships and society.
5. The Story of “The Power of the Tongue”
In the fifth narrative, Saadi sheds light on the power of the tongue. He mentions that the tongue is a powerful tool through which a person expresses their thoughts and emotions. One must be careful, as words have a lasting impact not only on the speaker but also on the listener. In this narrative, Saadi teaches that words can build or break relationships, and one should use this power wisely and thoughtfully.
6. The Story of “The Pursuit of Knowledge”
In the sixth narrative, Saadi speaks of the importance of seeking knowledge. He asserts that knowledge is the most valuable thing for a person, as it has the ability to change a personтАЩs fate. Saadi encourages the pursuit of knowledge, stating that with knowledge, one can dispel the darkness in life. This story emphasizes the significance of education and urges people to strive for knowledge in order to improve their lives.
7. The Story of “The Secret of Success”
In the seventh narrative, Saadi discusses the secret of success. He states that success can be attained in any form, as long as oneтАЩs actions are driven by sincerity and truth. In this story, Saadi teaches that success is not just the result of hard work, but also of moral integrity. If a person works towards their goals with honesty and dedication, they will succeed.
8. The Story of “The Path to Achievement”
In the eighth narrative, Saadi discusses the ways to achieve oneтАЩs goals. He explains that in order to achieve a goal, the path must be clear and straightforward. One should first understand the importance of the goal, and then work hard and make an effort to achieve it. Saadi teaches that no goal can be achieved unless it becomes a personтАЩs primary focus in life and they commit themselves to working towards it.
Conclusion:
The stories presented in Sheikh SaadiтАЩs Gulistan are not only a significant part of Persian literature but also represent fundamental principles of human life. Through these stories, Saadi has conveyed moral, religious, and societal values in a simple and easy-to-understand manner. The messages in these stories are still a source of guidance for people today. SaadiтАЩs narratives teach us the importance of success in life, moral principles, knowledge, and hard work. His words continue to inspire people to become better individuals and teach the greatest principles of humanity.
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж╪з┘Е┘З: ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж
┘Е┘В╪п┘Е█Б:
╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ╪з█М┌й ┘Е╪┤█Б┘И╪▒ ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ █М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Б┘Ж┘И┘Ж ┘Д╪╖█М┘Б█Б ┌й█Т ╪╣╪╕█М┘Е ┘Е╪з█Б╪▒ ╪к┌╛█Т ╪м┘Ж█Б█М┌║ ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪│┘Д╪╖┘Ж╪к ┌й█Т ╪┤█Б┘Ж╪┤╪з█Б ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и┌С█М ╪╣╪▓╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Е┘В╪з┘Е ╪н╪з╪╡┘Д ╪к┌╛╪з█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┌й█М ┘Е█Б╪з╪▒╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Б┘Ж█М ╪м┘Е╪з┘Д█М╪з╪к ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И ╪з╪│ ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й╪з ╪│╪и ╪│█Т ╪и┌С╪з ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒ ╪и┘Ж╪з ╪п█М╪з ╪к┌╛╪з█Ф ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В ╪з█М╪▒╪з┘Ж ╪│█Т ╪к┌╛╪з╪М ┘Д█М┌й┘Ж ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й╪з ╪и█М╪┤╪к╪▒ ╪н╪╡█Б █Б┘Ж╪п┘И╪│╪к╪з┘Ж ┘Е█М┌║ ┌п╪▓╪▒╪з╪М ╪м█Б╪з┌║ ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪│┘Д╪╖┘Ж╪к ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒ ┌й█М ╪н█М╪л█М╪к ╪│█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪┤┘Ж╪з╪о╪к ╪и┘Ж╪з╪ж█М█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┌й█М ┘Е╪о╪╡┘И╪╡ ╪о╪╡┘И╪╡█М╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┌й╪з┘Е ┌й█М ┘Е█Б╪з╪▒╪к ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘Ж█Б█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ┘Е┘Е╪к╪з╪▓ ┘Е┘В╪з┘Е ╪п█М╪з╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪в╪м ╪и┌╛█М ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪в╪л╪з╪▒ ┌й┘И ╪з█М┌й ╪┤╪з█Б┌й╪з╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪╖┘И╪▒ ┘╛╪▒ ╪п█М┌й┌╛╪з ╪м╪з╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж╪з┘Е┘З:
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж╪з┘Е┘З ╪п╪▒╪з╪╡┘Д ╪з█М┌й ╪з█Б┘Е ┌й╪к╪з╪и █Б█Т ╪м╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪║┘Д ╪и╪з╪п╪┤╪з█Б ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪з█Б┘Е ╪з┘Б╪▒╪з╪п╪М ┘И╪з┘В╪╣╪з╪к╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о█М ┘Д┘Е╪н┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒ ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪м╪│ ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒ ┌й╪з ╪│╪и ╪│█Т ╪▓█М╪з╪п█Б ╪░┌й╪▒ ┌й█М╪з ╪м╪з╪к╪з █Б█Т ┘И█Б ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж █Б█М┌║█Ф ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ╪з█Б┘Е ┌й╪▒╪п╪з╪▒ ╪к┌╛╪з╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┘Ж█Т ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й┘И ╪з█М┌й ┘Ж╪ж█М ┘Б┘Ж█М ╪┤┘Ж╪з╪о╪к ╪п█М█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█М ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪▒█М╪з╪│╪к█М ╪з┘Е┘И╪▒ ┌й┘И ╪з█М┌й ┘Ж█М╪з ╪▓╪з┘И█М█Б ┘Б╪▒╪з█Б┘Е ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з█Ф
╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М:
╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪з╪╡┘Д ┘Ж╪з┘Е ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ╪к┌╛╪з ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘И█Б ╪з█М╪▒╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪┤█Б╪▒ ╪з╪╡┘Б█Б╪з┘Ж ╪│█Т ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В ╪▒┌й┌╛╪к█Т ╪к┌╛█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┘И╪з┘Д╪п ╪и┌╛█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒ ╪к┌╛█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪▒╪и█М╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪▒█Б┘Ж┘Е╪з╪ж█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й┘И ╪з╪│ ┘Б┘Ж ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е█Б╪з╪▒╪к ╪н╪з╪╡┘Д ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┌й█М ╪к╪▒╪║█М╪и ╪п█М█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪з╪и╪к╪п╪з╪ж█М ╪к╪╣┘Д█М┘Е ╪з╪╡┘Б█Б╪з┘Ж ┘Е█М┌║ █Б┘И╪ж█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘И█Б╪з┌║ ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┌й█Т ╪и┘Ж█М╪з╪п█М ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д ╪│█М┌й┌╛█Т█Ф ╪и╪╣╪п ╪з╪▓╪з┌║ ┘И█Б █Б┘Ж╪п┘И╪│╪к╪з┘Ж ╪в ┌п╪ж█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Е╪║┘Д ╪┤█Б┘Ж╪┤╪з█Б ╪з┌й╪и╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪╖┘И╪▒ ┘╛╪▒ ┌й╪з┘Е ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┘Д┌п█Т█Ф
╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪з╪│ ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█Т ┘Е┘Е╪к╪з╪▓ ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒┘И┌║ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪┤┘Е╪з╪▒ ┌й█М╪з ╪м╪з╪к╪з █Б█Т╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┌й█М ┘Е╪о╪╡┘И╪╡ ╪о╪╡┘И╪╡█М╪з╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█М ╪н┘В█М┘В╪к┘И┌║ ┌й╪з ╪╣┌й╪з╪│ █Б┘И┘Ж╪з╪М ┘В╪п╪▒╪к█М ┘Е┘Ж╪з╪╕╪▒ ┌й█М ╪н┘В█М┘В╪к ┘╛╪│┘Ж╪п█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪┤╪з█Б█М ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ╪▒┘Ж┌п┘И┌║ ┌й╪з ╪к┘И╪з╪▓┘Ж ╪┤╪з┘Е┘Д █Б█М┌║█Ф ┘И█Б ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ┌й╪з┘Е ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ┘Е┘Ж┘Б╪▒╪п ┘Ж╪╕╪▒ ╪▒┌й┌╛╪к█Т ╪к┌╛█Т╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┘Ж█Т ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪╖╪▒╪▓┘Р ╪в╪▒┘╣ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з┘Ж┘В┘Д╪з╪и█М ╪к╪и╪п█М┘Д█М╪з┌║ ┘Д╪з╪ж█М┌║█Ф
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й╪з ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж:
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й╪з ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪│┘Д╪╖┘Ж╪к ┌й╪з ╪з█М┌й ╪и█Б╪к ╪з█Б┘Е ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ╪к┌╛╪з╪М ╪м╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪▒█М╪з╪│╪к█М ╪з┘Е┘И╪▒ ┘╛╪▒ ╪и╪з╪к ┌Ж█М╪к █Б┘И╪к█М ╪к┌╛█М ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ┘Б┘Ж┘И┘Ж ┘Д╪╖█М┘Б█Б ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ┌й┘И ╪и┌╛█М ╪к╪│┘Д█М┘Е ┌й█М╪з ╪м╪з╪к╪з ╪к┌╛╪з█Ф ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ╪о┘И╪п ╪з█М┌й ┘Б┘Ж┘И┘Ж┘Р ┘Д╪╖█М┘Б█Б ┌й█Т ╪╣╪╕█М┘Е ┘Е╪п╪з╪н ╪к┌╛█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪░╪з╪к█М ┘╛╪│┘Ж╪п█М╪п█Б ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒ ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ╪к┌╛█Т█Ф ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ╪и█М╪┤╪к╪▒ ┘И┘В╪к ┌й┘И ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ┌п╪▓╪▒╪з╪М ╪м█Б╪з┌║ ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪п╪╣┘И ┌й█М╪з ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┌й╪з┘Е ┌й┘И ╪и█Б╪к ╪│╪▒╪з█Б╪з█Ф
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█М ╪┤╪о╪╡█М╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Б┘Ж┘И┘Ж┘Р ┘Д╪╖█М┘Б█Б ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪з╪│ ┘В╪п╪▒ ╪к┌╛█М ┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ┌й╪ж█М ╪з█Б┘Е ┘Д┘Е╪н┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о█М ┘И╪з┘В╪╣╪з╪к ┌й┘И ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒ ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┌й█Т ┘Д╪ж█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й┘И █Б╪п╪з█М╪к ╪п█М█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┘Е█М┌║ ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й╪з ┌й╪▒╪п╪з╪▒ ╪и█Б╪к ┘Ж┘Е╪з█М╪з┌║ ╪к┌╛╪з█Ф ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒╪з┘Ж█Б ╪░┘И┘В ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Б┘Ж█М ┘Е█Б╪з╪▒╪к ┘Ж█Т ┘Е┘Д ┌й╪▒ ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й┘И ╪з█М┌й ┘Ж╪ж█М ╪и╪╡╪▒█М ╪┤┘Ж╪з╪о╪к ╪п█М█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┌й╪з┘Е ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ┘Е┘Ж┘Б╪▒╪п ╪м┘Е╪з┘Д█М╪з╪к ╪к┌╛█М╪М ╪м╪│ ┘Ж█Т ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┌й█Т ╪▒┘И╪з█М╪к█М ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪и┌╛█М ┘Ж█М╪з ╪з┘Ж╪п╪з╪▓ ╪п█М╪з█Ф
╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М:
╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█Б┘Е ╪о╪╡┘И╪╡█М╪з╪к █М█Б ╪к┌╛█М┌║ ┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ┌й╪з┘Е ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪┤╪з█Б█М ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█М ╪┤╪з┘Ж ┘И ╪┤┘И┌й╪к ┌й┘И ╪п┌й┌╛╪з╪к╪з ╪к┌╛╪з ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█М ╪н┘В█М┘В╪к┘И┌║╪М ┘Е╪н╪и╪к╪М ╪м┘Ж┌п╪М ╪┤┌й╪з╪▒╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█Т ┘Е┘Ж╪╕╪▒ ┌й┘И ╪и┌╛█М ╪з┘Ж╪к█Б╪з╪ж█М ┘Е█Б╪з╪▒╪к ╪│█Т ┘╛█М╪┤ ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з ╪к┌╛╪з█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┘Е█М┌║ ┘В╪п╪▒╪к█М ┘Е┘Ж╪з╪╕╪▒ ┌й┘И ╪з┘Ж╪к█Б╪з╪ж█М ╪н┘В█М┘В╪к ┘╛╪│┘Ж╪п╪з┘Ж█Б ╪╖╪▒█М┘В█Т ╪│█Т ╪п┌й┌╛╪з█М╪з ┌п█М╪з█Ф ┘И█Б ╪▒┘Ж┌п┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪и╪з╪▓█М ┌п╪▒█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪▒┘И╪┤┘Ж█М ┌й█Т ╪з╪л╪▒╪з╪к ┌й┘И ╪и╪о┘И╪и█М ╪з╪│╪к╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д ┌й╪▒╪к█Т ╪к┌╛█Т╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В╪з╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ╪з┘Д┌п █Б█М ╪п┘Д┌й╪┤█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪м╪п╪к ╪к┌╛█М█Ф
╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й█М ╪│╪и ╪│█Т ╪и┌С█М ╪о╪╡┘И╪╡█М╪к ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪░█Б╪з┘Ж╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В█М ╪╡┘Д╪з╪н█М╪к ╪к┌╛█М╪М ╪м┘И ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┌й╪з┘Е ┘Е█М┌║ ┘И╪з╪╢╪н ╪╖┘И╪▒ ┘╛╪▒ ┘Ж╪╕╪▒ ╪в╪к█М ╪к┌╛█М█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ┘Ж┘Б╪з╪│╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Ж╪▓╪з┌й╪к ╪к┌╛█М╪М ╪м┘И ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪┤╪з┌п╪▒╪п┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п█М┌п╪▒ ┘Б┘Ж┌й╪з╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ┌й╪з┘Е ╪│█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ╪к┌╛█М█Ф ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ┘Б┘Ж ┌й┘И ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪з█М┌й ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Б ┘Е╪╣╪з╪┤ ┘Ж█Б█М┌║ ╪│┘Е╪м┌╛╪з╪М ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з╪│█Т ╪з█М┌й ┘Е┘В╪п╪│ ╪╣┘Е┘Д ╪│┘Е╪м┌╛╪з ╪з┘И╪▒ █Б┘Е█М╪┤█Б ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ┌й╪з┘Е ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Ж╪ж█М ┘Ж╪ж█М ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В█М ╪│┘И┌Ж ┌й┘И ╪┤╪з┘Е┘Д ┌й█М╪з█Ф
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В:
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█М ╪┤╪о╪╡█М╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Б┘Ж┘И┘Ж┘Р ┘Д╪╖█М┘Б█Б ┌й╪з ╪и█Б╪к ┌п█Б╪▒╪з ╪з╪л╪▒ ╪к┌╛╪з╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В ╪з█М┌й ┘Б┘Ж┌й╪з╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪│╪▒┘╛╪▒╪│╪к ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒┘Е█М╪з┘Ж ╪к┌╛╪з█Ф ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█М ┘Б┘Ж█М ╪░┘И┘В ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Е█Б╪з╪▒╪к ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒┘Е█М╪з┘Ж ╪з█М┌й ┘В╪п╪▒╪к█М █Б┘Е ╪в█Б┘Ж┌п█М ╪к┌╛█М╪М ╪м┘И ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒█М ┘Б┘Ж ┌й█М ╪и█Б╪к╪▒█М ┌й╪з ╪│╪и╪и ╪и┘Ж█М█Ф ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж█Т █Б┘Е█М╪┤█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й┘И ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪╣╪▓╪к ╪п█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┌й╪з┘Е ┌й█М ┘В╪п╪▒ ┌й█М█Ф
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В╪з╪к ┘Ж█Т ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█М ╪┤╪з┘Ж ┘И ╪┤┘И┌й╪к ┌й┘И ╪и┌С┌╛╪з█М╪з ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪│┘Д╪╖┘Ж╪к ┌й█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ┘╛█Б┘Д┘И╪д┌║ ┌й┘И ╪и┌╛█М ╪к╪╡┘И█М╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ╪п┘Ж█М╪з ┌й█Т ╪│╪з┘Е┘Ж█Т ┘╛█М╪┤ ┌й█М╪з█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪╡╪з┘И█М╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ╪о╪з╪╡ ┘В╪│┘Е ┌й█М ┘Ж┘Б╪з╪│╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪м╪з╪░╪и█М╪к ╪к┌╛█М ╪м┘И ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪┤╪з█Б█М ┘Е╪з╪н┘И┘Д ┌й█М ╪╣┌й╪з╪│█М ┌й╪▒╪к█М ╪к┌╛█М█Ф
╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪з█Б┘Е ┌й╪з┘Е:
╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪з█Б┘Е ┌й╪з┘Е ┘Е█М┌║ “╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж╪з┘Е┘З” ┌й█М ╪к╪╡╪з┘И█М╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪┤╪з█Б█М ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е ╪к┘В╪▒█М╪и╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪┤┌й╪з╪▒ ┌й█М ╪к╪╡╪з┘И█М╪▒ ╪┤╪з┘Е┘Д █Б█М┌║█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪╡┘И█М╪▒┘И┌║ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ┘╛█Б┘Д┘И╪д┌║ ┌й┘И ╪з╪│ ╪о┘И╪и█М ╪│█Т ╪п┌й┌╛╪з█М╪з ┌п█М╪з ┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж ╪к╪╡╪з┘И█М╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪к┌╛█М ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ┘Б┘Ж█М ╪м┘Е╪з┘Д ╪и┌╛█М ╪и█Т ┘Е╪л╪з┘Д ╪к┌╛╪з█Ф ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪к╪╡╪з┘И█М╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪▒┘Ж┌п┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪▒┘И╪┤┘Ж█М ┌й█Т ╪з╪│╪к╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е█Б╪з╪▒╪к ╪п┌й┌╛╪з╪ж█М╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┌й╪з┘Е ┘Ж█Т ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪╖╪▒╪▓┘Р ╪в╪▒┘╣ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ┘Ж█М╪з ╪и╪з╪и ╪▒┘В┘Е ┌й█М╪з█Ф
╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Б┘Ж█М ┘И╪▒╪з╪л╪к:
╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┘Ж█Т ╪м┘И ┘Б┘Ж█М ┘И╪▒╪з╪л╪к ┌Ж┌╛┘И┌С█М █Б█Т ┘И█Б ╪в╪м ╪и┌╛█М ┘Б┘Ж┘И┘Ж┘Р ┘Д╪╖█М┘Б█Б ┌й█Т ┘Е╪з█Б╪▒█М┘Ж ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Б┘Ж┌й╪з╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ┘Д╪ж█Т ╪з█М┌й ┌п╪▒╪з┌║ ┘В╪п╪▒ ╪з╪л╪з╪л█Б █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┘Ж█Т ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪│┘Д╪╖┘Ж╪к ┌й█Т ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й┘И ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М╪з ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Б┘Ж█М ┘Е█Б╪з╪▒╪к ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┘Ж╪з┘Е ┌й┘И █Б┘Е█М╪┤█Б ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪▓┘Ж╪п█Б ╪▒┌й┌╛╪з█Ф ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪╡┘И█М╪▒ ┌й╪┤█М ┘Ж█Т ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪┤╪з█Б█М ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█М ╪┤╪з┘Ж ┘И ╪┤┘И┌й╪к ┌й┘И ╪╕╪з█Б╪▒ ┌й█М╪з ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з╪│ ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█М ╪│┘Е╪з╪м█М╪М ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘В╪к╪╡╪з╪п█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█М ╪и┌╛█М ╪╣┌й╪з╪│█М ┌й█М█Ф
┘Ж╪к█М╪м█Б:
╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ╪з█М┌й ╪╣╪╕█М┘Е ┘Б┘Ж┌й╪з╪▒ ╪к┌╛█Т ╪м┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о ┌й█Т ╪з█Б┘Е ┘Д┘Е╪н┘И┌║ ┌й┘И █Б┘Е█М╪┤█Б ┌й█Т ┘Д╪ж█Т ┘Е╪н┘Б┘И╪╕ ┌й╪▒ ┘Д█М╪з█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В╪з╪к ╪в╪м ╪и┌╛█М ┘Б┘Ж┘И┘Ж┘Р ┘Д╪╖█М┘Б█Б ┌й█Т ╪╖┘Д╪и╪з╪б ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Е╪з█Б╪▒█М┘Ж ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪з█М┌й ╪к╪н╪▒█М┌й █Б█М┌║█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ┌й╪з┘Е ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪з█М┌й ┘Б┘Ж┌й╪з╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪╖┘И╪▒ ┘╛╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Е█Б╪з╪▒╪к ┌й┘И ╪╕╪з█Б╪▒ ┌й╪▒╪к╪з █Б█Т ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В█М ╪╡┘Д╪з╪н█М╪к┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪м┘Е╪з┘Д█М╪з╪к█М ╪░┘И┘В ┌й┘И ╪и┌╛█М ╪з╪м╪з┌п╪▒ ┌й╪▒╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф “╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж╪з┘Е┘З” ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪п█М┌п╪▒ ╪к╪╡╪з┘И█М╪▒ ┘Ж█Т ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█М ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о ┌й┘И ╪м█М╪к╪з ╪м╪з┌п╪к╪з ╪и┘Ж╪з█М╪з╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ┌й╪з┘Е █Б┘Е█М╪┤█Б ┌й█Т ┘Д╪ж█Т ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о ┘Е█М┌║ ╪▓┘Ж╪п█Б ╪▒█Б█Т ┌п╪з█Ф
Jahangirnama: Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan
Introduction: Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan was a renowned court painter and a great master of fine arts during the Mughal Empire, particularly under the reign of Emperor Jahangir. His artistic skill and aesthetic sense made him one of the greatest painters of his time. Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan hailed from Iran, specifically from the city of Isfahan, but he spent most of his life in India, where he made his mark as a painter in the Mughal court. His distinctive style of painting, his mastery in technique, and his innovative approach to art earned him a prominent position in the Mughal court. His works are still regarded as masterpieces of Persian and Mughal art.
Jahangirnama: Jahangirnama is an important manuscript that chronicles the life of Mughal Emperor Jahangir and depicts key individuals in his court, significant events, and historical moments. The most frequently mentioned artist in this book is Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan. Abu’l-Hasan played a vital role in the Mughal court, and his artwork provided a new artistic identity to Emperor Jahangir’s reign. Through his paintings, he offered a unique perspective on the emperor’s court life and state matters.
Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan’s Life: Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan’s birth name was Abu’l-Hasan, and he came from Isfahan, Iran. His father was also a painter, and his guidance and mentorship encouraged Abu’l-Hasan to pursue the art of painting. Abu’l-Hasan received his early education in Isfahan, where he learned the basic principles of painting. Later, he moved to India and began working as a court painter during the reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar.
He is considered one of the most distinguished painters of his time. Abu’l-Hasan’s works are characterized by the reflection of life’s realities, realistic depictions of natural landscapes, and the balanced portrayal of the royal court’s activities. He had a unique perspective on painting, and his work brought revolutionary changes to the Mughal style of art.
Jahangir’s Court and Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan: Emperor Jahangir’s court was a significant cultural and political center of the Mughal Empire, where not only state matters were discussed but also the importance of the fine arts was acknowledged. Jahangir himself was a great patron of the arts and had a particular admiration for Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan. Jahangir spent much of his life at court, where he invited various artists to work at his court and highly praised their efforts.
Jahangir’s love for the fine arts was so profound that he encouraged the depiction of important moments in his life and historical events through painting. Among the artists in his court, Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan played a prominent role. The collaboration between JahangirтАЩs artistic taste and Abu’l-HasanтАЩs technical mastery resulted in the Mughal court acquiring a new visual identity. Abu’l-Hasan’s works not only presented the grandeur of the Mughal court but also added a fresh interpretation to the traditional Mughal art form.
Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan’s Art: Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan’s paintings displayed many unique features. His art was not just about depicting the royal courtтАЩs splendor; it also skillfully captured the realities of life, love, war, hunting, and scenes from the royal court. He had an exceptional ability to represent natural landscapes with incredible realism. His mastery of color play and the use of light effects brought his works to life, and his paintings possessed an unparalleled charm and originality.
Abu’l-HasanтАЩs greatest strength was his creativity and intelligence, which were clearly evident in his work. His paintings exhibited a finesse and delicacy that distinguished them from the works of his peers and students. For Abu’l-Hasan, art was not merely a profession or source of income; it was a sacred practice, and he constantly infused new, creative ideas into his work.
Relationship with Jahangir: The relationship between Emperor Jahangir and Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan was that of an artist and a patron, characterized by mutual respect and admiration. JahangirтАЩs passion for the arts perfectly complemented Abu’l-HasanтАЩs artistic expertise. This synergy contributed significantly to the improvement of the Mughal courtтАЩs artistic output. Jahangir always honored Abu’l-Hasan in his court and highly valued his work.
Abu’l-Hasan’s works not only enhanced the prestige of the court but also presented various facets of the Mughal Empire through his paintings. His artwork had a unique elegance and appeal that mirrored the royal ambiance of the Mughal era.
Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan’s Notable Works: Some of Khwaja Abu’l-HasanтАЩs most important works include the illustrations in the Jahangirnama and paintings depicting major royal events and hunting expeditions. His works portray various aspects of JahangirтАЩs life in such a detailed manner that his paintings not only hold historical significance but also exhibit unparalleled aesthetic beauty. Abu’l-Hasan was particularly skilled in the use of colors and light, and his works marked a new chapter in Mughal art.
Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan’s Artistic Legacy: The artistic legacy left by Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan remains a valuable treasure for art historians and artists even today. His paintings not only recorded the history of the Mughal Empire but also demonstrated his technical mastery, which ensured that his name would live on through the ages. Abu’l-Hasan’s artwork portrayed not only the grandeur of the royal court but also reflected the social, cultural, and economic life of the period.
Conclusion: Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan was a great artist who immortalized important moments in history through his paintings in the Mughal court. His creations continue to inspire students and experts of fine arts to this day. His work not only demonstrates his skill as an artist but also showcases his creative abilities and aesthetic sense. The illustrations in Jahangirnama and other paintings have brought the culture and history of the Mughal era to life, and his contributions to art will remain etched in history forever.
JAHANGIR NAMA IN DETAIL
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ╪з█М┌й ╪з█Б┘Е ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Е╪┤█Б┘И╪▒ ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о█М ┌й╪к╪з╪и █Б█Т ╪м╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪║┘Д ╪и╪з╪п╪┤╪з█Б ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█Т ┘И╪з┘В╪╣╪з╪к ┌й┘И ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┌й┘И ╪о┘И╪п ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж█Т ┘Д┌й┌╛╪з █Б█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з┘П╪│ ┌й█Т ╪п┘И╪▒ ╪н┌й┘И┘Е╪к ┌й█Т ╪з█Б┘Е ┘Д┘Е╪н┘И┌║╪М ┘И╪з┘В╪╣╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪┤╪о╪╡█М╪з╪к ┌й╪з ╪░┌й╪▒ █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪░╪з╪к█М ╪о█М╪з┘Д╪з╪к╪М ╪│█М╪з╪│█М ┘Б█М╪╡┘Д█Т╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█М ╪к┘Б╪╡█М┘Д ╪п█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т╪М ╪м╪│ ╪│█Т ╪з┘П╪│ ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к█М╪М ╪│█М╪з╪│█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪│┘Е╪з╪м█М ╪н╪з┘Д╪з╪к ┌й╪з ┘╛╪к█Б ┌Ж┘Д╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф
┌й╪к╪з╪и ┌й╪з ╪к╪╣╪з╪▒┘Б:
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┌й┘И ╪п┘И ╪н╪╡┘И┌║ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪к┘В╪│█М┘Е ┌й█М╪з ╪м╪з ╪│┌й╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з█М┌й ╪н╪╡█Б ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪░╪з╪к█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪н┌й┘И┘Е╪к█М ┘Б█М╪╡┘Д┘И┌║ ┘╛╪▒ ┘Е╪и┘Ж█М █Б█Т╪М ╪м╪и┌й█Б ╪п┘И╪│╪▒╪з ╪н╪╡█Б ╪з┘П╪│ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ╪з┘Б╪▒╪з╪п╪М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п╪з┘Ж╪┤┘И╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Е┘Д╪з┘В╪з╪к┘И┌║ ┌й╪з ╪░┌й╪▒ ┌й╪▒╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪н┌й┘И┘Е╪к█М ┘Б█М╪╡┘Д█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪м┘Ж┌п┘И┌║ ┌й╪з ╪░┌й╪▒ ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪░╪з╪к█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М╪М ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М╪М ┘Б┘Ж┘И┘Ж┘Р ┘Д╪╖█М┘Б█Б ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒█М ┘Е╪н╪з┘Б┘Д ┌й╪з ╪и┌╛█М ╪░┌й╪▒ █Б█Т█Ф ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒ ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪и┌╛█М ╪к╪░┌й╪▒█Б █Б█Т╪М ╪м┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ╪з╪│ ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█М ┌й┌Ж┌╛ ╪и█Б╪к╪▒█М┘Ж ╪к╪╡╪з┘И█М╪▒ ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В ┌й█М┌║╪М ╪м┘И ╪в╪м ╪и┌╛█М ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┌й█Т ╪з█Б┘Е ┘Ж┘Е┘И┘Ж█Т ╪│┘Е╪м┌╛█М ╪м╪з╪к█М █Б█М┌║█Ф
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к:
- ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о ┌й╪з ╪з█М┌й ╪з█Б┘Е ┘Е╪з╪о╪░: ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о ┌й╪з ╪з█М┌й ╪з█Б┘Е ┘Е╪з╪о╪░ █Б█Т ┌й█М┘И┘Ж┌й█Б ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█М ╪н┌й┘И┘Е╪к ┌й█Т ╪и╪з╪▒█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪╣┘Д┘И┘Е╪з╪к ┘Б╪▒╪з█Б┘Е ┌й█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█М┌║ ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з╪│ ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ╪│█М╪з╪│█М╪М ┘Е╪╣╪з╪┤█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к█М ╪н╪з┘Д╪з╪к ╪и┌╛█М ┘И╪з╪╢╪н ┌й█М█Т ┌п╪ж█Т █Б█М┌║█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┌й█М ┘Е╪п╪п ╪│█Т █Б┘Е ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪│┘Д╪╖┘Ж╪к ┌й█Т ╪з┘Ж╪п╪▒┘И┘Ж█М ╪н╪з┘Д╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█М ╪о╪╡┘И╪╡█М╪з╪к ┌й┘И ╪│┘Е╪м┌╛ ╪│┌й╪к█Т █Б█М┌║█Ф
- ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й╪з ╪░╪з╪к█М ┘Ж┘В╪╖█Б ┘Ж╪╕╪▒: ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┌й╪з ╪з█М┌й ┘Е┘Ж┘Б╪▒╪п ┘╛█Б┘Д┘И █М█Б █Б█Т ┌й█Б █М█Б ╪и╪з╪п╪┤╪з█Б ┌й█М ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪к╪н╪▒█М╪▒ █Б█Т╪М █М╪╣┘Ж█М █М█Б ┌й╪к╪з╪и ╪з█М┌й “Autobiography” ┌й█М ╪┤┌й┘Д ┘Е█М┌║ █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ╪│█Т ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪░╪з╪к█М ╪о█М╪з┘Д╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪┤╪о╪╡█М╪к ┌й╪з ┌п█Б╪▒╪з ╪м╪з╪ж╪▓█Б ┘Д█М╪з ╪м╪з ╪│┌й╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и╪з╪п╪┤╪з█Б ┌й█М ┘Б┌й╪▒█М ╪к╪и╪п█М┘Д█М┘И┌║╪М ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ┘Б┘Ж█М ╪░┘И┘В ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪│█М╪з╪│█М ┘Б█М╪╡┘Д┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪и╪▒╪з█Б ╪▒╪з╪│╪к ╪│┘Е╪м┌╛╪з ╪м╪з ╪│┌й╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф
- ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█М ╪│╪▒┌п╪▒┘Е█М╪з┌║: ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┘Е█М┌║ ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█М ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ╪│╪▒┌п╪▒┘Е█М┘И┌║ ┌й╪з ╪и┌╛█М ╪к┘Б╪╡█М┘Д ╪│█Т ╪░┌й╪▒ ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒┘И┌║╪М ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒┘И┌║╪М ╪з╪п█М╪и┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п┘И╪│╪▒█Т ┘Б┘Ж┌й╪з╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й╪з ╪░┌й╪▒ ┘Е┘Д╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪к╪░┌й╪▒█Б ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ╪з█Б┘Е ┘Е┘В╪з┘Е ╪▒┌й┌╛╪к╪з █Б█Т ┌й█М┘И┘Ж┌й█Б ╪з╪│ ┘Ж█Т ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒ ┌й█М ╪н█М╪л█М╪к ╪│█Т ╪з█Б┘Е ┌й╪▒╪п╪з╪▒ ╪з╪п╪з ┌й█М╪з█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ █Б█М ╪з╪│ ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪│█М╪з╪│█М ┘И ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к█М ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ █Б┘И┘Ж█Т ┘И╪з┘Д█М ╪з█Б┘Е ╪к┘В╪▒█М╪и╪з╪к ┌й█М ╪к┘Б╪╡█М┘Д ╪и┌╛█М ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪в╪ж█М █Б█Т█Ф
- ┘Б┘Ж ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪м┘Е╪з┘Д█М╪з╪к: ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┘Е█М┌║ ╪м█Б╪з┌║ ╪з█М┌й ╪╖╪▒┘Б ╪│█М╪з╪│╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪н┌й┘И┘Е╪к ┌й█Т ╪з┘Е┘И╪▒ ┌й╪з ╪░┌й╪▒ █Б█Т╪М ┘И█Б█М┌║ ╪п┘И╪│╪▒█М ╪╖╪▒┘Б ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█М ┘Б┘Ж┘И┘Ж┘Р ┘Д╪╖█М┘Б█Б ╪│█Т ┘Е╪н╪и╪к ╪и┌╛█М ╪╕╪з█Б╪▒ █Б┘И╪к█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ╪о┘И╪п ╪з█М┌й ╪╣╪╕█М┘Е ┘Б┘Ж┘И┘Ж ┘Д╪╖█М┘Б█Б ┌й█Т ╪н╪з┘Е█М ╪к┌╛█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Б┘Ж┘И┘Ж ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В╪з╪к ┌й╪з ╪и┌╛█М ╪░┌й╪▒ ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф
- ╪п┘И╪▒┘Р ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒█М ┌й█М ╪к╪╡┘И█М╪▒ ┌й╪┤█М: ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪│ ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к█М╪М ╪│┘Е╪з╪м█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪│█М╪з╪│█М ╪н╪з┘Д╪з╪к ┌й╪з ╪и█Б╪к╪▒█М┘Ж ╪╣┌й╪│ ┘╛█М╪┤ ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪о╪з╪╡ ╪╖┘И╪▒ ┘╛╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█М ┘Е╪н╪з┘Б┘Д╪М ╪┤┌й╪з╪▒ ┌й█М ╪к┘В╪▒█М╪и╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪м┘Ж┌п┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ┘Е┘Ж╪╕╪▒ ┌й╪з ╪░┌й╪▒ ╪и█Б╪к ╪о┘И╪и╪╡┘И╪▒╪к█М ╪│█Т ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф
┌й╪к╪з╪и ┌й█М ╪│╪з╪о╪к:
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┘Е█М┌║ ╪к┘В╪▒█М╪и╪з┘Л ╪и█М╪│ ╪│╪з┘Д█Б ╪п┘И╪▒ ╪н┌й┘И┘Е╪к ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е ╪и╪з╪к┘И┌║ ┌й╪з ╪к╪░┌й╪▒█Б ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┌й█М ╪к╪▒╪к█М╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ┘И╪з┘В╪╣╪з╪к ┌й┘И ╪з█М┌й ╪к╪│┘Д╪│┘Д ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т╪М ╪м╪│ ╪│█Т ╪з╪│ ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪│█М╪з╪│█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪│┘Е╪з╪м█М ╪н╪з┘Д╪з╪к ┌й█М ╪к┘Б╪╡█М┘Д ╪в╪│╪з┘Ж█М ╪│█Т ╪│┘Е╪м┌╛█М ╪м╪з ╪│┌й╪к█М █Б█Т█Ф ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┌й█Т ╪┤╪▒┘И╪╣ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█М ╪░╪з╪к█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪и╪к╪п╪з╪ж█М ╪и╪▒╪│┘И┌║ ┌й╪з ╪к╪░┌й╪▒█Б ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т╪М ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪и╪╣╪п ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪н┌й┘И┘Е╪к ┌й█Т ╪з█Б┘Е ┘Б█М╪╡┘Д┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪м┘Ж┌п┘И┌║ ┌й╪з ╪░┌й╪▒ ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪╣┘Д╪з┘И█Б ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з┘П╪│ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е ╪┤╪о╪╡█М╪з╪к╪М ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ █Б┘И┘Ж█Т ┘И╪з┘Д█М ┘Е┘Д╪з┘В╪з╪к┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ┘Б┘Ж█М ╪░┘И┘В ┌й╪з ╪и┌╛█М ╪░┌й╪▒ █Б█Т█Ф
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж:
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┘Е█М┌║ ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒ ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В╪з╪к ┌й╪з ╪и┌╛█М ╪░┌й╪▒ ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ╪з█М┌й ╪╣╪╕█М┘Е ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒ ╪к┌╛█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и█Б╪к ╪з█Б┘Е ┘Е┘В╪з┘Е ╪к┌╛╪з█Ф ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж█Т ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й┘И ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪к╪╡┘И█М╪▒┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪┤╪з█Б█М ┘Е╪н╪з┘Б┘Д ┌й█М ╪╣┌й╪з╪│█М ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┌й╪з ╪з█Б┘Е ┌й╪з┘Е ╪│┘И┘Ж┘╛╪з ╪к┌╛╪з█Ф ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В╪з╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪▒┘Ж┌п┘И┌║ ┌й╪з ╪з╪│╪к╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д╪М ╪н┘В█М┘В╪к ┘╛╪│┘Ж╪п█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪м┘Е╪з┘Д█М╪з╪к█М ┘Е╪╣█М╪з╪▒ ┘Ж█Т ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ┘Ж█М╪з ╪и╪з╪и ┌й┌╛┘И┘Д╪з█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┘Ж█Т ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█М ╪┤╪з┘Ж ┘И ╪┤┘И┌й╪к ┌й┘И ╪з╪м╪з┌п╪▒ ┌й█М╪з ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з╪│ ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█М ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й┘И ╪и┌╛█М ┘И╪з╪╢╪н ┌й█М╪з█Ф
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┘Е█М┌║ ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█М ╪┤╪о╪╡█М╪к:
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┘Е█М┌║ ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█М ╪┤╪о╪╡█М╪к ┌й┘И ╪з█М┌й ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪╖┘И╪▒ ┘╛╪▒ ┘╛█М╪┤ ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т ╪м┘И ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪з█М┌й ╪и╪з╪п╪┤╪з█Б ┘Ж█Б█М┌║ ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з█М┌й ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ╪и┌╛█М ╪к┌╛╪з█Ф ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪░╪з╪к█М ┌й┘Е╪▓┘И╪▒█М╪з┌║╪М ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪м╪░╪и╪з╪к╪М ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ┘Б█М╪╡┘Д┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪║┘Д╪╖█М╪з┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ┘Б┘Ж█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪п╪и█М ┘╛╪│┘Ж╪п┘И┌║ ┌й╪з ╪и┌╛█М ╪░┌й╪▒ █Б█Т█Ф ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┘Е█М┌║ █Б┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ╪и╪з╪п╪┤╪з█Б ┌й█М ┘Б╪╖╪▒█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж█М ┌й┘Е╪▓┘И╪▒█М┘И┌║ ┌й╪з ╪и┌╛█М ┘╛╪к╪з ┌Ж┘Д╪к╪з █Б█Т ╪м┘И ╪з┘П╪│█Т ╪п┘И╪│╪▒█Т ╪и╪з╪п╪┤╪з█Б┘И┌║ ╪│█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ╪и┘Ж╪з╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф
┘Ж╪к█М╪м█Б:
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ╪з█М┌й ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о█М ┌й╪к╪з╪и █Б┘И┘Ж█Т ┌й█Т ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ╪з╪п╪и ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Б┘Ж┘И┘Ж┘Р ┘Д╪╖█М┘Б█Б ┌й█М ╪з█М┌й ╪з█Б┘Е ╪к╪н╪▒█М╪▒ ╪и┌╛█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪│┘Д╪╖┘Ж╪к ┌й█М ╪┤╪з┘Ж ┘И ╪┤┘И┌й╪к╪М ╪з╪│ ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪│█М╪з╪│█М ┘И ╪│┘Е╪з╪м█М ╪н╪з┘Д╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й┘И ╪и┌С█Т ╪о┘И╪и╪╡┘И╪▒╪к ╪з┘Ж╪п╪з╪▓ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘╛█М╪┤ ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й╪з ╪о┘И╪п ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪и╪з╪▒█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Д┌й┌╛┘Ж╪з ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┌й┘И ╪з█М┌й ┘Е┘Ж┘Б╪▒╪п ╪н█М╪л█М╪к ╪п█М╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┌й╪з ┘Е╪╖╪з┘Д╪╣█Б ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о ┌й╪з ╪м╪з╪ж╪▓█Б ┘Д█М┘Ж█Т ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪з█Б┘Е █Б█Т ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█М ┘Б┘Ж█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к█М ╪│╪▒┌п╪▒┘Е█М┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪и╪з╪▒█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и┌╛█М ╪з█М┌й ┘В█М┘Е╪к█М ┘Е╪╣┘Д┘И┘Е╪з╪к ┘Б╪▒╪з█Б┘Е ┌й█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т█Ф
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ╪в╪м ╪и┌╛█М ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о╪М ╪з╪п╪и ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Б┘Ж┘И┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪╖┘Д╪и╪з╪б ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪з█М┌й ┘В█М┘Е╪к█М ┘Е╪з╪о╪░ █Б█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е┘И╪м┘И╪п ┘Е┘И╪з╪п ┌й┘И ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ╪з┘Ж╪п╪з╪▓ ╪│█Т ┘╛┌С┌╛╪з ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪│┘Е╪м┌╛╪з ╪м╪з ╪│┌й╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┌й█М ┘Е╪п╪п ╪│█Т █Б┘Е ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪│┘Д╪╖┘Ж╪к ┌й█М ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о ┌й┘И ╪и█Б╪к╪▒ ╪╖┘И╪▒ ┘╛╪▒ ╪│┘Е╪м┌╛ ╪│┌й╪к█Т █Б█М┌║ ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з╪│ ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█М ┘Б┘Ж█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ╪и╪з╪▒█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и┌╛█М ┘Е╪╣┘Д┘И┘Е╪з╪к ╪н╪з╪╡┘Д ┌й╪▒ ╪│┌й╪к█Т █Б█М┌║█Ф
Jahangirnama: An Important Historical Work
Jahangirnama is an important and famous historical book that chronicles the life of Mughal Emperor Jahangir and events from his court. The book was written by Jahangir himself and includes details about significant moments, events, and personalities from his reign. It provides insights into his personal thoughts, political decisions, and court life, shedding light on the cultural, political, and social conditions of the time.
Introduction to the Book: Jahangirnama can be divided into two parts. One part is based on his personal life and governmental decisions, while the second part discusses his relationships and interactions with various individuals, painters, and intellectuals in his court. The book not only mentions JahangirтАЩs governmental decisions and wars but also delves into his personal life, poetry, fine arts, and courtly gatherings. The book also highlights the role of his court painter, Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan, who created some of the finest paintings of the era, which are still regarded as prime examples of Mughal art.
Significance of Jahangirnama:
- An Important Source for Mughal History: Jahangirnama is a crucial source for understanding Mughal history, as it provides valuable information not only about Jahangir’s reign but also about the political, economic, and cultural conditions of the time. The book helps us understand the internal affairs of the Mughal Empire and the defining characteristics of JahangirтАЩs era.
- JahangirтАЩs Personal Perspective: One of the unique aspects of this book is that it is written by the emperor himself, making it an “autobiography.” This allows a deep insight into JahangirтАЩs personal thoughts and character. It offers a direct understanding of his intellectual evolution, artistic taste, and political decisions.
- Courtly Activities: Jahangirnama also provides a detailed account of various activities at the royal court. It mentions the court painters, poets, writers, and other artists. The mention of Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan in this book holds significant importance, as he played a vital role as a court painter. The book also sheds light on the political and cultural relationships of the time and important court events.
- Art and Aesthetics: While Jahangirnama covers politics and governance, it also reveals JahangirтАЩs love for fine arts. Jahangir was a great patron of the arts, and this book highlights the significance of arts and the creations of court painters. The book reflects JahangirтАЩs passion for aesthetics and artistic excellence.
- Depiction of the Jahangirian Era: The book offers a beautiful portrayal of the cultural, social, and political environment of the time. It particularly describes court gatherings, hunting events, and war scenes with great finesse.
Structure of the Book: Jahangirnama covers important events from the approximately twenty-year reign of the emperor. The events are presented in a chronological order, making it easier to understand the political and social conditions of the time. The book begins with an account of Jahangir’s personal life and his early years, followed by descriptions of his important governmental decisions and wars. It also includes mentions of important personalities at his court, the interactions with them, and his taste for the arts.
Jahangir and Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan: Jahangirnama also discusses the relationship between Emperor Jahangir and his court painter, Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan. Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan was a great painter who held a prominent position at the court. Jahangir entrusted him with the important task of capturing his portraits and royal gatherings. The use of colors, realism, and aesthetic standards in Khwaja Abu’l-HasanтАЩs creations marked a new chapter in Mughal painting. His work not only highlighted the grandeur of JahangirтАЩs court but also gave a clear representation of the cultural life of the era.
Jahangir’s Personality in the Book: Jahangirnama presents Jahangir as a human being, not just as a monarch. It discusses his personal weaknesses, emotions, mistakes in his decisions, and his love for art and literature. The book reveals the natural human frailties of a king, which sets Jahangir apart from other rulers.
Conclusion: Jahangirnama is not only a historical text but also an important piece of literature and fine arts. It beautifully presents the grandeur of the Mughal Empire, the political and social conditions of the time, and the cultural life of the era. JahangirтАЩs own account of his life and court gives the book a unique significance. Reading this book is essential not only for studying Mughal history but also for gaining valuable insights into the artistic and cultural activities of the royal court.
Jahangirnama remains a valuable source for students of history, literature, and the arts. The content within it can be read and interpreted in various ways, providing a better understanding of the history of the Mughal Empire as well as the artistic and cultural life of the period.
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж: ╪з█М┌й ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к█М ╪м╪з╪ж╪▓█Б
╪к╪╣╪з╪▒┘Б:
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪з█Б┘Е ╪к╪▒█М┘Ж ╪п╪│╪к╪з┘И█М╪▓╪з╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪┤┘Е╪з╪▒ █Б┘И╪к█М █Б█Т ╪м┘И ╪о┘И╪п ┘Е╪║┘Д ╪и╪з╪п╪┤╪з█Б╪М ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж█Т ┘Д┌й┌╛█М█Ф █М█Б ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪з█М┌й ╪и╪з╪п╪┤╪з█Б ┌й█Т ╪░╪з╪к█М ╪к╪м╪▒╪и╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪н┌й┘И┘Е╪к█М ┘Б█М╪╡┘Д┘И┌║ ┌й╪з ╪▒█М┌й╪з╪▒┌И █Б█Т╪М ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з┘П╪│ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█М ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к█М╪М ┘Б┘Ж█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪│┘Е╪з╪м█М ╪│╪▒┌п╪▒┘Е█М┘И┌║ ┌й╪з ╪и┌╛█М ╪к┘Б╪╡█М┘Д ╪│█Т ╪░┌й╪▒ ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█М ╪░╪з╪к█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М╪М ╪│█М╪з╪│█М ┘Б┘Д╪│┘Б█Б╪М ╪м┘Ж┌п┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ┘Е╪┤█Б┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Б╪▒╪з╪п ┌й█Т ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В╪з╪к ┌й█М ╪м┌╛┘Д┌й█М╪з┌║ ┘Е┘Д╪к█М █Б█М┌║█Ф ╪о╪з╪╡ ╪╖┘И╪▒ ┘╛╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪к╪░┌й╪▒█Б ╪и█Б╪к ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪▒┌й┌╛╪к╪з █Б█Т╪М ╪м┘И ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█Т ┘Е╪┤█Б┘И╪▒ ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒ ╪к┌╛█Т█Ф ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В╪з╪к╪М ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┌й█М ╪к╪▒┘В█М ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█Б┘Е ┌й╪▒╪п╪з╪▒ ╪з╪п╪з ┌й╪▒╪к█Т █Б█М┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ╪п┘И┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪┤╪о╪╡█М╪з╪к ┌й█М ╪╣┌й╪з╪│█М ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪о┘И╪и╪╡┘И╪▒╪к█М ╪│█Т ┌й█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┘Е╪╢┘Е┘И┘Ж ┘Е█М┌║ ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┌й█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ┘╛█Б┘Д┘И╪д┌║ ┌й┘И ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪о╪з╪╡ ╪╖┘И╪▒ ┘╛╪▒ ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й█Т ┌й╪▒╪п╪з╪▒ ┌й┘И ╪к┘Б╪╡█М┘Д ╪│█Т ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М╪з ╪м╪з╪ж█Т ┌п╪з█Ф
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б: ╪з█М┌й ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о█М ╪п╪│╪к╪з┘И█М╪▓
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б╪М ╪м╪│█Т █Б┘Е “Autobiography of Jahangir” ╪и┌╛█М ┌й█Б█Б ╪│┌й╪к█Т █Б█М┌║╪М ┘Е╪║┘Д ╪и╪з╪п╪┤╪з█Б ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪п┘И╪▒┘Р ╪н┌й┘И┘Е╪к ┌й█Т ╪и╪з╪▒█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█Б┘Е ┘Е╪╣┘Д┘И┘Е╪з╪к ┘Б╪▒╪з█Б┘Е ┌й╪▒╪к█М █Б█Т█Ф █М█Б ┌й╪к╪з╪и ╪о┘И╪п ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж█Т ┘Д┌й┌╛█М╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪░╪з╪к█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М╪М ╪н┌й┘И┘Е╪к█М ┘Б█М╪╡┘Д█Т╪М ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒█М ┘Е╪н╪з┘Б┘Д╪М ┘Б┘Ж┘И┘Ж┘Р ┘Д╪╖█М┘Б█Б ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘П╪│ ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪│█М╪з╪│█М ╪н╪з┘Д╪з╪к ┌й╪з ╪к╪░┌й╪▒█Б █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┌й╪з ╪з█Б┘Е ┘╛█Б┘Д┘И █М█Б █Б█Т ┌й█Б █М█Б ╪з█М┌й “Autobiography” █Б█Т╪М █М╪╣┘Ж█М █М█Б ╪о┘И╪п ╪и╪з╪п╪┤╪з█Б ┌й█М ╪к╪н╪▒█М╪▒ █Б█Т╪М ╪м╪│ ╪│█Т █Б┘Е█М┌║ ╪з┘П╪│ ┌й█М ┘Б╪╖╪▒█М ┌й┘Е╪▓┘И╪▒█М┘И┌║╪М ╪м╪░╪и╪з╪к╪М ╪░╪з╪к█М ╪в╪▒╪з╪б ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪│█М╪з╪│█М ┘Б█М╪╡┘Д┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪и╪з╪▒█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и╪▒╪з█Б ╪▒╪з╪│╪к ┘Е╪╣┘Д┘И┘Е╪з╪к ┘Е┘Д╪к█М █Б█М┌║█Ф
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█М ╪┤╪о╪╡█М╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪н┌й┘И┘Е╪к█М ┘Б█М╪╡┘Д█Т:
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┘Е█М┌║ ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█М ╪┤╪о╪╡█М╪к ┌й┘И ╪з█М┌й ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪╖┘И╪▒ ┘╛╪▒ ┘╛█М╪┤ ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т ╪м┘И ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪з█М┌й ╪и╪з╪п╪┤╪з█Б ┘Ж█Б█М┌║ ╪к┌╛╪з ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з█М┌й ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ╪к┌╛╪з╪М ╪м╪│ ┌й█М ╪░╪з╪к█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и┌╛█М ┌й┘Е╪▓┘И╪▒█М╪з┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Е╪│╪з╪ж┘Д ╪к┌╛█Т█Ф ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ┘Б╪╖╪▒█М ┌й┘Е╪▓┘И╪▒█М┘И┌║╪М ╪з╪н╪│╪з╪│╪з╪к╪М ╪║┘Д╪╖█М┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Е╪│╪з╪ж┘Д ┌й╪з ╪░┌й╪▒ ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т╪М ╪м┘Ж ╪│█Т ┘И█Б ╪и╪╖┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌п╪▓╪▒╪з█Ф █М█Б ┌й╪к╪з╪и ╪з█М┌й ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪╡┘И╪▒╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪░╪з╪к█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█М ╪╣┌й╪з╪│█М ┌й╪▒╪к█М █Б█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з┘П╪│ ┌й█Т ┘Б█М╪╡┘Д┘И┌║ ┌й█М ┘╛█М┌Ж█М╪п┌п█М╪з┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪з┘Ж╪п╪▒┘И┘Ж█М ╪к┘Ж╪з╪▓╪╣╪з╪к ╪и┌╛█М ╪п┌й┌╛╪з╪ж█Т ┌п╪ж█Т █Б█М┌║█Ф ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█Т ┘Е╪░█Б╪и█М ╪о█М╪з┘Д╪з╪к╪М ╪н┌й┘И┘Е╪к█М ┘╛╪з┘Д█М╪│█М╪з┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪м┘Ж┌п┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪и╪з╪▒█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪▒╪з╪ж█Т ┌й╪з ╪и┌╛█М ╪░┌й╪▒ ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█М ╪░╪з╪к█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й╪з ╪░┌й╪▒ ╪и┌╛█М ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ █Б█Т╪М ╪м╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪и█М┘И█М╪М ╪и┌Ж┘И┌║╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒█М ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В╪з╪к ┌й█Т ╪и╪з╪▒█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪╣┘Д┘И┘Е╪з╪к ╪п█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█М┌║█Ф ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з┘П╪│ ┌й█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ┘И╪з┘Д╪п ╪з┌й╪и╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪н┌й┘И┘Е╪к ┌й█Т ┘Е╪к╪╣┘Д┘В ┌й┌Ж┌╛ ╪з█Б┘Е ┘Б█М╪╡┘Д┘И┌║ ┘╛╪▒ ╪и┌╛█М ╪▒┘И╪┤┘Ж█М ┌И╪з┘Д█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█Б┘Е ╪м┘Ж┌п┘И┌║ ┌й╪з ╪░┌й╪▒ ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т ╪м┘Ж ┘Е█М┌║ ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж█Т ╪н╪╡█Б ┘Д█М╪з╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ╪м┘Ж┌п┘И┌║ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪н┌й┘Е╪к┘Р ╪╣┘Е┘Д█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪н┌й┘И┘Е╪к█М ┘Б█М╪╡┘Д█Т ┌й█М╪│█Т ╪к┌╛█Т█Ф
╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█М ╪│╪▒┌п╪▒┘Е█М╪з┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й╪з ┌й╪▒╪п╪з╪▒:
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█М ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и█Б╪к ╪▓█М╪з╪п█Б ╪к┌╛█М█Ф ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪│█М╪з╪│█М ┘Б█М╪╡┘Д█Т ┌й█М█Т ╪м╪з╪к█Т ╪к┌╛█Т ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ┘Б┘Ж┘И┘Ж┘Р ┘Д╪╖█М┘Б█Б ┌й█М ╪и┌╛█М ╪и█Б╪к ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪к┌╛█М█Ф ╪з╪│ ╪п┘И╪▒╪з┘Ж ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж█Т ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ╪м█М╪│█Т ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒ ┌й┘И ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█Б┘Е ┘Е┘В╪з┘Е ╪п█М╪з╪М ╪м┘И ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┌й█Т ┘Е█М╪п╪з┘Ж ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█Б┘Е ┘Е┘В╪з┘Е ╪▒┌й┌╛╪к█Т █Б█М┌║█Ф ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┘Ж█Т ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█М ╪┤╪з┘Ж ┘И ╪┤┘И┌й╪к ┌й┘И ╪з╪м╪з┌п╪▒ ┌й█М╪з ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з╪│ ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█М ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й┘И ╪и┌╛█М ╪з█М┌й ┘Ж█М╪з ╪▒╪о ╪п█М╪з█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В╪з╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪▒┘Ж┌п┘И┌║ ┌й╪з ╪з╪│╪к╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д╪М ╪н┘В█М┘В╪к ┘╛╪│┘Ж╪п█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪м┘Е╪з┘Д█М╪з╪к█М ┘Е╪╣█М╪з╪▒ ┘Ж█Т ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ┘Ж█М╪з ╪и╪з╪и ┌й┌╛┘И┘Д╪з█Ф
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪╣┘Д┘Е ┘И ┘Б┘Ж┘И┘Ж ┌й█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ┘╛█Б┘Д┘И╪д┌║ ┌й┘И ┘╛╪▒┘И╪з┘Ж ┌Ж┌С┌╛╪з█М╪з ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┌й┘И ╪з┘П╪│█М ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е ╪┤╪з█Б█М ┘Е╪н╪з┘Б┘Д ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪┤┌й╪з╪▒ ┌й█М ╪к┘В╪▒█М╪и╪з╪к ┌й█М ╪╣┌й╪з╪│█М ┌й█Т ╪╖┘И╪▒ ┘╛╪▒ ╪з╪│╪к╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д ┌й█М╪з█Ф ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В╪з╪к ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ┘Б┘Ж┘И┘Ж┘Р ┘Д╪╖█М┘Б█Б ┌й█Т ╪н┘И╪з┘Д█Т ╪│█Т ╪з█Б┘Е ╪к┌╛█М┌║ ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж ┘Е█М┌║ ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█М ╪┤╪з┘Ж ┘И ╪┤┘И┌й╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘П╪│ ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█М ╪│█М╪з╪│█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й╪з ╪и┌╛█М ╪╣┌й╪з╪│ ╪к┌╛╪з█Ф
┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й╪з ┌й╪▒╪п╪з╪▒:
╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┌й█Т ╪з█М┌й ╪╣╪╕█М┘Е ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒ ╪к┌╛█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и█Б╪к ╪з█Б┘Е ┘Е┘В╪з┘Е ╪к┌╛╪з█Ф ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪к╪╡┘И█М╪▒┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪┤╪з█Б█М ┘Е╪н╪з┘Б┘Д ┌й█М ╪╣┌й╪з╪│█М ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┌й╪з ╪з█Б┘Е ┌й╪з┘Е ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й┘И ╪│┘И┘Ж┘╛╪з█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В╪з╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪н┘В█М┘В╪к ┘╛╪│┘Ж╪п█М╪М ╪▒┘Ж┌п┘И┌║ ┌й╪з ╪и┌╛╪▒┘╛┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│╪к╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Е┘Ж╪╕╪▒ ┌й╪┤█М ┌й█М ┘Е█Б╪з╪▒╪к ┘Ж┘Е╪з█М╪з┌║ ╪к┌╛█М█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪╡╪з┘И█М╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█М ╪╣┌й╪з╪│█М ┌й█М ┌п╪ж█М ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪м╪к┘Е╪з╪╣█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к█М ┘Е┘Ж╪╕╪▒┘Ж╪з┘Е█Т ╪и┌╛█М ┘╛█М╪┤ ┌й█М█Т ┌п╪ж█Т█Ф ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪╡┘И█М╪▒█М┌║ ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪з█М┌й ╪м┘Е╪з┘Д█М╪з╪к█М ┘Д╪н╪з╪╕ ╪│█Т ╪з█Б┘Е ╪к┌╛█М┌║ ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж ┘Е█М┌║ ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о█М ╪▒┘И╪з█М╪з╪к ┌й█М ╪╣┌й╪з╪│█М ╪и┌╛█М ┌й█М ┌п╪ж█М█Ф
╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й█М ╪з█М┌й ┘Е╪┤█Б┘И╪▒ ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В “╪┤┌й╪з╪▒█М ┘Е┘Ж╪╕╪▒” █Б█Т╪М ╪м╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪з█Б┘Е ╪з┘Б╪▒╪з╪п ┌й┘И ╪┤┌й╪з╪▒ ┌й█М ┘Е╪н╪з┘Б┘Д ┘Е█М┌║ ╪п┌й┌╛╪з█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф █М█Б ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪м┘Е╪з┘Д█М╪з╪к█М ┘Д╪н╪з╪╕ ╪│█Т ╪з█Б┘Е ┘Ж█Б█М┌║ ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з┘П╪│ ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█М ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪│┘Д╪╖┘Ж╪к ┌й█М ╪╖╪з┘В╪к ┌й╪з ╪и┌╛█М ╪з╪╕█Б╪з╪▒ █Б█Т█Ф
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┘Е█М┌║ ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█М ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к:
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┘Е█М┌║ ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█М ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ┘╛█Б┘Д┘И╪д┌║ ┌й╪з ╪и┌╛█М ╪░┌й╪▒ ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ╪з┘Б╪▒╪з╪п╪М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒┘И┌║╪М ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒┘И┌║╪М ╪з╪п█М╪и┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п╪з┘Ж╪┤┘И╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й╪з ╪к╪░┌й╪▒█Б ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж ╪з┘Б╪▒╪з╪п ┌й╪з ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█Б┘Е ┘Е┘В╪з┘Е ╪к┌╛╪з ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘Ж ╪│█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪н┌й┘И┘Е╪к█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к█М ╪к╪▒┘В█М ┌й█Т ╪н┘И╪з┘Д█Т ╪│█Т ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В╪з╪к ┘В╪з╪ж┘Е ┌й█М█Т ╪к┌╛█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█М ┘Е╪н╪з┘Б┘Д╪М ┘Е╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█Б╪М ┘Е┘И╪│█М┘В█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Б┘Ж┘И┘Ж┘Р ┘Д╪╖█М┘Б█Б ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ┌й┘И ╪и┌╛█М ╪з╪м╪з┌п╪▒ ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪╣┘Д┘Е╪М ╪з╪п╪и ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Б┘Ж┘И┘Ж ┌й┘И ╪и█Б╪к ╪╣╪▓╪к ╪п█М ╪м╪з╪к█М ╪к┌╛█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒┘И┌║╪М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Е┘И╪│█М┘В╪з╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ╪и╪з┘В╪з╪╣╪п█Б ┘Е╪н╪з┘Б┘Д ┘Е┘Ж╪╣┘В╪п ┌й█М ╪м╪з╪к█М ╪к┌╛█М┌║█Ф
┘Ж╪к█М╪м█Б:
╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ╪з█М┌й ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к█М ╪п╪│╪к╪з┘И█М╪▓ █Б█Т ╪м┘И ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█М ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о ┌й┘И ╪│┘Е╪м┌╛┘Ж█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪п╪п ╪п█М╪к█М █Б█Т ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Б┘Ж┘И┘Ж╪М ╪з╪п╪и ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к ┌й█Т ╪н┘И╪з┘Д█Т ╪│█Т ╪и┌╛█М ╪з█Б┘Е ┘Е╪╣┘Д┘И┘Е╪з╪к ┘Б╪▒╪з█Б┘Е ┌й╪▒╪к█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┌й█М ┘Е╪п╪п ╪│█Т █Б┘Е ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪н┌й┘И┘Е╪к█М ┘Б█М╪╡┘Д┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪м┘Ж┌п┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪и╪з╪▒█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ╪м╪з┘Ж ╪│┌й╪к█Т █Б█М┌║ ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪п╪▒╪и╪з╪▒ ┌й█М ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к╪М ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ┌й┘И ╪и┌╛█М ╪│┘Е╪м┌╛ ╪│┌й╪к█Т █Б█М┌║█Ф ╪м█Б╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪о┘И╪з╪м█Б ╪з╪и┘И ╪з┘Д╪н╪│┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В╪з╪к╪М ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ┘Е╪╡┘И╪▒█М ┌й█М ╪к╪▒┘В█М ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█Б┘Е ╪│┘Ж┌п ┘Е█М┘Д ╪л╪з╪и╪к █Б┘И╪ж█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█Т ┘Б┘Ж┘И┘Ж┘Р ┘Д╪╖█М┘Б█Б ┌й█М ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ┘Ж╪ж█Т ╪и╪з╪и ┌й╪з ╪з╪╢╪з┘Б█Б ┌й█М╪з█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┌й╪з ┘Е╪╖╪з┘Д╪╣█Б ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ┘Е╪║┘Д█М█Б ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ┘Б┘Ж┘И┘Ж┘Р ┘Д╪╖█М┘Б█Б ┌й█Т ╪╖┘Д╪и╪з╪б ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪и┌╛█М ╪и█Б╪к ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪▒┌й┌╛╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф
Jahangirnama and Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan: A Historical and Cultural Overview
Introduction: Jahangirnama is considered one of the most significant documents from the Mughal era, written by the Mughal Emperor Jahangir himself. This book is not just a record of the personal experiences and political decisions of a king, but it also provides a detailed account of the cultural, artistic, and social activities in his court. It sheds light on JahangirтАЩs personal life, his political philosophy, his involvement in wars, and his relationships with various prominent figures at his court. Notably, the book also highlights the role of Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan, the famous painter at JahangirтАЩs court. The relationship between Jahangir and Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan played a crucial role in the development of Mughal painting, and their personalities are beautifully depicted in this book. This essay will explore the different aspects of Jahangirnama, particularly focusing on the role of Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan.
Jahangirnama: A Historical Document Jahangirnama, also known as the “Autobiography of Jahangir,” provides crucial information about the life of Mughal Emperor Jahangir and his reign. The book was written by Jahangir himself, and it covers various aspects of his personal life, government decisions, courtly gatherings, fine arts, and the political conditions of the time. A key aspect of the book is that it is an “autobiography,” meaning it is written by the king himself, offering direct insight into his natural weaknesses, emotions, personal opinions, and political decisions.
JahangirтАЩs Personality and Governmental Decisions: In Jahangirnama, Jahangir is portrayed as a human being, not merely as a king, with personal weaknesses and challenges. The book reveals his natural flaws, emotions, mistakes, and the personal struggles he faced. It presents his decisions, the complexities involved, and his internal conflicts. The book also touches upon JahangirтАЩs religious beliefs, governmental policies, and his views on wars.
The book provides an account of his personal life, including his relationships with his wife, children, and his courtly interactions. It also sheds light on his relationship with his father, Akbar, and key decisions made during his reign. Important wars in which Jahangir participated are also discussed, offering insights into his strategies and governmental decisions during those times.
Courtly Activities and the Role of Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan: JahangirтАЩs court held significant importance in Mughal culture. Not only were political decisions made there, but it also had a deep appreciation for fine arts. During this time, Jahangir gave Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan, a renowned painter, an important position at his court. Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan not only highlighted the grandeur of JahangirтАЩs court but also gave a new dimension to the cultural life of the era. His creations, characterized by the use of color, realism, and aesthetic standards, marked a new chapter in Mughal painting.
Jahangir nurtured various aspects of knowledge and art in his court, using Khwaja Abu’l-HasanтАЩs paintings to capture important royal gatherings and hunting events. These works were not only important in terms of fine arts but also reflected the grandeur of the court and the political life of the time.
Mughal Painting and the Role of Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan: Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan was a great painter in Mughal art, and he held a significant position at JahangirтАЩs court. Jahangir entrusted him with the important task of capturing royal portraits and documenting courtly events. His works are notable for their realism, the vivid use of colors, and his skill in depicting scenes. His paintings not only represented court life but also showcased social and cultural landscapes. Khwaja Abu’l-HasanтАЩs works were significant not only from an aesthetic perspective but also in terms of reflecting historical traditions.
One of his famous works, The Hunting Scene, depicts important members of the court participating in a royal hunting event. This painting is not only aesthetically important but also reflects the cultural life and power of the Mughal empire during that time.
Court Culture in Jahangirnama: Jahangirnama also discusses the culture of the court and its various aspects. It mentions the important individuals at the court, such as painters, poets, writers, and intellectuals, who held significant positions. Jahangir established relationships with these figures, contributing to the development of governance and cultural growth. The book emphasizes the importance of courtly gatherings, poetry recitals, music, and fine arts. In Jahangir’s court, knowledge, literature, and the arts were highly esteemed, and regular gatherings were held with poets, painters, and musicians.
Conclusion: Jahangirnama is a historical and cultural document that not only helps in understanding the history of the Mughal era but also provides valuable information about arts, literature, and culture. Through this book, we gain insights into Mughal governance, wars, and the significance of court culture, painting, and poetry. The relationship between Jahangir and Khwaja Abu’l-Hasan was pivotal in the development of Mughal painting and added a new chapter to the history of fine arts during the Mughal period. Studying this book is crucial not only for understanding Mughal history but also for students of fine arts.
┘Е╪▒╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б: ┘Е╪▒╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ╪и┘Ж ╪▒╪│╪к┘Е
╪к╪╣╪з╪▒┘Б:
┘Е╪▒╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ╪з█М┌й ┘В╪п█М┘Е ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е ╪к╪╡┘Ж█М┘Б █Б█Т ╪м┘И 11┘И█М┌║ ╪╡╪п█М ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Д┌й┌╛█М ┌п╪ж█М█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┌й╪з ┘Е╪╡┘Ж┘Б ┘Е╪▒╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ╪и┘Ж ╪▒╪│╪к┘Е █Б█Т╪М ╪м┘И ╪з█М┌й ╪з█М╪▒╪з┘Ж█М ╪н┌й█М┘Е ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п╪з┘Ж╪┤┘И╪▒ ╪к┌╛╪з█Ф █М█Б ┌й╪к╪з╪и ╪о╪з╪╡ ╪╖┘И╪▒ ┘╛╪▒ ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М┘И┌║╪М ┘Ж╪╡█М╪н╪к┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Б┘Д╪│┘Б█Б ╪н█М╪з╪к ┘╛╪▒ ┘Е╪┤╪к┘Е┘Д █Б█Т█Ф ┘Е╪▒╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘В╪╡█Т ╪┤╪з┘Е┘Д █Б█М┌║ ╪м┘И ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█М ╪н┘В█М┘В╪к┘И┌║╪М ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┌й╪▒╪п╪з╪▒╪М ╪│┘Е╪з╪м█М ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ┘Е╪│╪з╪ж┘Д ┘╛╪▒ ╪▒┘И╪┤┘Ж█М ┌И╪з┘Д╪к█Т █Б█М┌║█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М┘И┌║ ┌й╪з ┘Е┘В╪╡╪п ┘Д┘И┌п┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪и█Б╪к╪▒ ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌п╪▓╪з╪▒┘Ж█Т ┌й█М ╪к╪▒╪║█М╪и ╪п█М┘Ж╪з █Б█Т█Ф ┘Е╪▒╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┘Е█М┌║ ╪о╪з╪╡ ╪╖┘И╪▒ ┘╛╪▒ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж█М╪к╪М ╪╡╪п╪з┘В╪к╪М ╪┤╪м╪з╪╣╪к╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪н┌й┘Е╪к ┌й█Т ┘Е┘И╪╢┘И╪╣╪з╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪▓┘И╪▒ ╪п█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪м┘И ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М╪з┌║ ╪┤╪з┘Е┘Д ┌й█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█М┌║╪М ┘И█Б ╪з╪│ ┘И┘В╪к ┌й█М ╪з█М╪▒╪з┘Ж█М ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к╪М ┘Е╪╣╪з╪┤╪▒╪к█М ╪з┘В╪п╪з╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪╢┘И╪з╪и╪╖ ┌й╪з ╪╣┌й╪з╪│ █Б█М┌║█Ф
┘Е╪▒╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ╪и┘Ж ╪▒╪│╪к┘Е ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М:
┘Е╪▒╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ╪и┘Ж ╪▒╪│╪к┘Е ╪з█М┌й ╪╣╪╕█М┘Е ╪п╪з┘Ж╪┤┘И╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪н┌й█М┘Е ╪к┌╛█Т ╪м┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й┘И ╪╣┘Д┘Е ┘И ╪н┌й┘Е╪к ┌й█Т ┘Б╪▒┘И╪║ ┌й█Т ┘Д╪ж█Т ┘И┘В┘Б ┌й█М╪з█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В ╪з█М╪▒╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪╣┘Д╪з┘В█Т ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│ ╪│█Т ╪к┌╛╪з█Ф ┘Е╪▒╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪п┘И╪▒ ╪з█М╪▒╪з┘Ж█М ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о ┌й█Т ╪з█М┌й ╪з█Б┘Е ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█М ╪╣┌й╪з╪│█М ┌й╪▒╪к╪з █Б█Т╪М ╪м╪и ╪│╪з╪│╪з┘Ж█М ╪│┘Д╪╖┘Ж╪к ┌й█Т ╪з╪л╪▒╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з█М╪▒╪з┘Ж█М ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к ┌й╪з ╪╣╪▒┘И╪м ╪к┌╛╪з█Ф ┘И█Б ╪з█М┌й ┘Е╪╣╪▓╪▓ ╪о╪з┘Ж╪п╪з┘Ж ╪│█Т ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В ╪▒┌й┌╛╪к█Т ╪к┌╛█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█Т ┘Е╪┤█Б┘И╪▒ ╪п╪з┘Ж╪┤┘И╪▒┘И┌║ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪┤┘Е╪з╪▒ █Б┘И╪к█Т ╪к┌╛█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й╪з ┘Е┘В╪╡╪п ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪з╪╣┘Д█М┘░ ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Б┘Д╪│┘Б█М╪з┘Ж█Б ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪к╪╣┘Д█М┘Е ╪п█М┘Ж╪з ╪к┌╛╪з╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┘Е┘В╪╡╪п ┌й┘И ╪н╪з╪╡┘Д ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ┌й╪ж█М ╪к╪╡┘Ж█М┘Б╪з╪к ┘Д┌й┌╛█М┌║█Ф
┘Е╪▒╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ╪и┘Ж ╪▒╪│╪к┘Е ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┘Е█М┌║ ╪╣┘Д┘Е ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪н┌й┘Е╪к ┌й╪з ╪и┌С╪з ┌й╪▒╪п╪з╪▒ ╪к┌╛╪з█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪╣┘Д█М┘Е╪з╪к ┌й╪з ┘Е┘В╪╡╪п ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж█М╪к ┌й█М ┘Б┘Д╪з╪н ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Е╪╣╪з╪┤╪▒╪к█М ╪и█Б╪к╪▒█М ╪к┌╛╪з█Ф ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ┘И┘В╪к ┌й█Т ╪│┘Е╪з╪м█М ┘Е╪│╪з╪ж┘Д ┌й┘И ╪│┘Е╪м┌╛╪з ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┘╛╪▒ ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪н┌й┘Е╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪╣┘Д┘Е ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ╪▒┘И╪┤┘Ж█М ┌И╪з┘Д█М█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪╡┘Ж█М┘Б╪з╪к ┘Е█М┌║ █Б┘Е ┌й┘И ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ┘И ┘Б┘Д╪│┘Б█М╪з┘Ж█Б ┘Е┘И╪╢┘И╪╣╪з╪к ┘Е┘Д╪к█Т █Б█М┌║ ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з╪│ ┘И┘В╪к ┌й█Т ╪з█М╪▒╪з┘Ж█М ┘Е╪╣╪з╪┤╪▒╪к█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к█М ╪з┘В╪п╪з╪▒ ┌й█М ╪и┌╛█М ╪м┌╛┘Д┌й ┘Е┘Д╪к█М █Б█Т█Ф
┘Е╪▒╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┌й╪з ╪к╪╣╪з╪▒┘Б:
┘Е╪▒╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ╪з█М┌й ╪п┘Д┌Ж╪│┘╛ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з█Б┘Е ╪к╪╡┘Ж█М┘Б █Б█Т ╪м┘И ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█М ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ╪з█Б┘Е ┘Е┘В╪з┘Е ╪▒┌й┌╛╪к█М █Б█Т█Ф █М█Б ┌й╪к╪з╪и ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ┘Ж╪╡█М╪н╪к┘И┌║╪М ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘В╪╡┘И┌║ ┌й╪з ┘Е╪м┘Е┘И╪╣█Б █Б█Т╪М ╪м┘И ┘Е╪▒╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ╪и┘Ж ╪▒╪│╪к┘Е ┌й█М ╪н┌й┘Е╪к ┘И ╪п╪з┘Ж╪з╪ж█М ┌й█М ┘Ж┘Е╪з╪ж┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й╪▒╪к█М █Б█Т█Ф ┘Е╪▒╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е┘И╪м┘И╪п ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М╪з┌║ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ┘╛█Б┘Д┘И╪д┌║ ┌й┘И ╪з╪м╪з┌п╪▒ ┌й╪▒╪к█М █Б█М┌║╪М ╪м█М╪│█Т ┌й█Б ╪╡╪п╪з┘В╪к╪М ╪┤╪м╪з╪╣╪к╪М ╪з┘Ж╪╡╪з┘Б╪М ╪п┘И╪│╪к█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п╪┤┘Е┘Ж█М╪М ┘Е╪н╪и╪к╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п┘И╪│╪▒█Т ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж█М ╪м╪░╪и╪з╪к█Ф
┌й╪к╪з╪и ┌й╪з ╪│╪и ╪│█Т ╪и┌С╪з ┘Е┘В╪╡╪п ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж█М ┌й╪▒╪п╪з╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪╡┘Б╪з╪к ┌й┘И ╪и█Б╪к╪▒ ╪и┘Ж╪з┘Ж╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪▒╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┘Ж█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ╪┤╪о╪╡█М╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┌й╪▒╪п╪з╪▒ ┌й┘И ┘Ж┘Е┘И┘Ж█Б ╪и┘Ж╪з ┌й╪▒ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪и█Б╪к╪▒ ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌п╪▓╪з╪▒┘Ж█Т ┌й█М ╪к╪▒╪║█М╪и ╪п█М █Б█Т█Ф ┘Е╪▒╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┌й█Т █Б╪▒ ╪и╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ┘Ж╪ж█М ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М █Б┘И╪к█М █Б█Т╪М ╪м╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪│╪и┘В ┌Ж┌╛┘╛╪з █Б┘И╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М┘И┌║ ┌й╪з ┘Е┘В╪╡╪п ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ┘Б╪▒╪п ┌й█М ╪┤╪о╪╡█М╪к ┌й┘И ╪и█Б╪к╪▒ ╪и┘Ж╪з┘Ж╪з █Б█Т ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪│┘Е╪з╪м ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и┌╛█М ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪▒┘И╪з█М╪з╪к ┌й█М ╪к╪▒┘И█М╪м ┌й╪▒┘Ж╪з █Б█Т█Ф
┘Е╪▒╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┘Е█М┌║ ╪┤╪з┘Е┘Д ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М╪з┌║:
┘Е╪▒╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М╪з┌║ ╪┤╪з┘Е┘Д █Б█М┌║╪М ╪м┘И ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪│╪и┘В ╪п█М╪к█М █Б█М┌║ ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ╪▒┘И█М┘И┌║╪М ╪м╪░╪и╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪│┘И┌Ж ┌й█Т ╪и╪з╪▒█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и┌╛█М ┌п█Б╪▒█М ╪и╪╡█М╪▒╪к ┘Б╪▒╪з█Б┘Е ┌й█М ╪м╪з╪к█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М┘И┌║ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪▒┘И╪▓┘Е╪▒█Б ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ┘Е╪│╪з╪ж┘Д ┌й┘И ╪з╪м╪з┌п╪▒ ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪н┘Д ┌й█Т ╪и╪з╪▒█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ╪н┌й┘Е╪к ┌й█М ╪и╪з╪к█М┌║ ┌й█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█М┌║█Ф
1. ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к ╪в█Б┘И╪М ┘Е┘И╪┤ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪╣┘В╪з╪и:
┘Е╪▒╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┌й█М ╪│╪и ╪│█Т ┘Е╪┤█Б┘И╪▒ ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М┘И┌║ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪│█Т ╪з█М┌й ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к ╪в█Б┘И╪М ┘Е┘И╪┤ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪╣┘В╪з╪и █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М ┘Е█М┌║ ╪к█М┘Ж ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ╪м╪з┘Ж┘И╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ┌й╪▒╪п╪з╪▒ █Б█М┌║ ╪м┘Ж ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ┘╛█Б┘Д┘И╪д┌║ ┌й╪з ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪в█Б┘И (█Б╪▒┘Ж)╪М ┘Е┘И╪┤ (┌Ж┘И█Б╪з) ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪╣┘В╪з╪и (╪и╪з╪▓) ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒┘Е█М╪з┘Ж ╪з█М┌й ┘Е┘Б█Б┘И┘Е ┘╛╪▒ ┘Е╪и┘Ж█М ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М █Б█Т ╪м╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ █Б╪▒ ╪м╪з┘Ж┘И╪▒ ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ┘Б╪╖╪▒╪к ┌й█Т ┘Е╪╖╪з╪и┘В ╪╣┘Е┘Д ┌й╪▒╪к╪з █Б█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ┘Ж╪к╪з╪ж╪м ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ┘Ж┌й┘Д╪к█Т █Б█М┌║█Ф
╪в█Б┘И ┌й█М ┘Б╪╖╪▒╪к █Б█Т ┌й█Б ┘И█Б ╪п┘И╪│╪▒┘И┌║ ╪│█Т ┘Е╪н╪и╪к ┌й╪▒╪к╪з █Б█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Е┘Ж ┌й█М ╪о┘И╪з█Б╪┤ ╪▒┌й┌╛╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф ┘Е┘И╪┤ ┌й█М ┘Б╪╖╪▒╪к █Б█Т ┌й█Б ┘И█Б █Б╪▒ ╪н╪з┘Д ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ┘Б╪з╪ж╪п█Т ┌й█М ╪│┘И┌Ж╪к╪з █Б█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪╣┘В╪з╪и ┌й█М ┘Б╪╖╪▒╪к █Б█Т ┌й█Б ┘И█Б ╪╖╪з┘В╪к┘И╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪║╪╡█Т ┌й╪з ┘Е╪з┘Д┌й █Б┘И╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з┘Ж ╪м╪з┘Ж┘И╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ╪╖╪▒╪▓ ╪╣┘Е┘Д ┌й┘И ╪п┌й┌╛╪з█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪╣┘Е┘Д ┌й█Т ┘Ж╪к╪з╪ж╪м ┌й┘И ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М ┌й╪з ┘Е┘В╪╡╪п ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й┘И █М█Б ╪│┌й┌╛╪з┘Ж╪з █Б█Т ┌й█Б ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪н╪и╪к╪М ╪з┘Е┘Ж╪М ╪╡╪п╪з┘В╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪н┌й┘Е╪к ┌й█Т ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д┘И┌║ ┌й█М ┘╛█М╪▒┘И█М ┌й╪▒┘Ж█М ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т╪М ┌й█М┘И┘Ж┌й█Б ╪╖╪з┘В╪к ┌й╪з ╪з╪│╪к╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪о┘И╪п╪║╪▒╪╢█М ╪в╪о╪▒┌й╪з╪▒ ┘Ж┘В╪╡╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪│╪и╪и ╪и┘Ж╪к█М █Б█Т█Ф
2. ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к ╪┤┌й╪з╪▒█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п╪▒╪о╪к:
╪з█М┌й ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Е╪┤█Б┘И╪▒ ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к ╪м┘И ┘Е╪▒╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┘Е█М┌║ ╪┤╪з┘Е┘Д █Б█Т╪М ┘И█Б ╪з█М┌й ╪┤┌й╪з╪▒█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п╪▒╪о╪к ┌й█Т ╪и╪з╪▒█Т ┘Е█М┌║ █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ╪┤┌й╪з╪▒█М ╪п╪▒╪о╪к ┌й█Т ┘Ж█М┌Ж█Т ┌Ж┌╛┘╛ ┌й╪▒ ╪┤┌й╪з╪▒ ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┌й█М ┌й┘И╪┤╪┤ ┌й╪▒╪к╪з █Б█Т╪М ┘Д█М┌й┘Ж ╪п╪▒╪о╪к ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ┘Е╪п╪п ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┌й█Т ╪и╪м╪з╪ж█Т ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪о┘Д╪з┘Б █Б┘И╪м╪з╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪п╪▒╪о╪к ╪┤┌й╪з╪▒█М ┌й┘И ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ┘Б╪╣┘Д ┌й█М ╪│╪▓╪з ╪п█М╪к╪з █Б█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й┘И ┘Е╪┤┌й┘Д ╪и┘Ж╪з ╪п█М╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф
╪з╪│ ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М ┌й╪з ┘╛█М╪║╪з┘Е █М█Б █Б█Т ┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪╣┘Е┘Д ┌й╪з ┘Ж╪к█М╪м█Б ╪│┘И┌Ж ┌й╪▒ ╪╣┘Е┘Д ┌й╪▒┘Ж╪з ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┌п╪▒ ┘И█Б ╪п┘И╪│╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ┘Ж┘В╪╡╪з┘Ж ┘╛█Б┘Ж┌Ж╪з╪ж█Т ┌п╪з ╪к┘И ╪з╪│█Т ╪о┘И╪п ╪и┌╛█М ┘Ж┘В╪╡╪з┘Ж ╪з┘╣┌╛╪з┘Ж╪з ┘╛┌С█Т ┌п╪з█Ф █М█Б ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М ╪з┘Ж╪╡╪з┘Б╪М ╪и╪п┘Д█Т ┌й█М ┘В┘И╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘В╪п╪▒╪к█М ╪к┘И╪з╪▓┘Ж ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ┌й┘И ╪з╪м╪з┌п╪▒ ┌й╪▒╪к█М █Б█Т█Ф
3. ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к ┘И╪▓█М╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п╪▒█М╪з:
┘Е╪▒╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┌й█М ╪з█М┌й ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ┘И╪▓█М╪▒ ┌й█М ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М █Б█Т ╪м┘И ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪н┌й┘И┘Е╪к█М ┘Б█М╪╡┘Д█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Б╪▒█М╪и ╪п█М┘Ж█Т ┌й█М ┌й┘И╪┤╪┤ ┌й╪▒╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф ┘И█Б ╪п╪▒█М╪з ┌й█Т ┘В╪▒█М╪и ╪м╪з ┌й╪▒ ╪з█М┌й ┘Е╪╣╪м╪▓█Б ╪п┌й┌╛╪з┘Ж█Т ┌й█М ┌й┘И╪┤╪┤ ┌й╪▒╪к╪з █Б█Т╪М ┘Д█М┌й┘Ж ╪п╪▒█М╪з ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ┌Ж╪з┘Д╪з┌й█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Б╪▒█М╪и ┌й┘И ╪и█Т ┘Ж┘В╪з╪и ┌й╪▒ ╪п█М╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф ┘И╪▓█М╪▒ ┌й┘И █М█Б ╪│╪и┘В ┘Е┘Д╪к╪з █Б█Т ┌й█Б ╪п┌╛┘И┌й█Б ╪п█М┘Ж█Т ┌й╪з ┘Ж╪к█М╪м█Б █Б┘Е█М╪┤█Б ╪и╪▒╪з █Б┘И╪к╪з █Б█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪м┘И ╪│┌Ж╪з╪ж█М ╪│█Т ┘Е┘Ж╪н╪▒┘Б █Б┘И╪к╪з █Б█Т╪М ╪з╪│ ┌й╪з ╪з┘Ж╪м╪з┘Е █Б┘Е█М╪┤█Б ╪и╪▒╪з █Б┘И╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф
4. ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к ╪╣┘В┘Д ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п┘Д ┌й█М ┘Д┌С╪з╪ж█М:
┘Е╪▒╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┘Е█М┌║ ╪╣┘В┘Д ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п┘Д ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒┘Е█М╪з┘Ж █Б┘И┘Ж█Т ┘И╪з┘Д█М ┘Д┌С╪з╪ж█М ┌й█М ╪и┌╛█М ╪з█М┌й ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М ╪┤╪з┘Е┘Д █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М ┘Е█М┌║ ╪╣┘В┘Д ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п┘Д ╪п┘И┘Ж┘И┌║ ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪о█М╪з┘Д╪з╪к ┌й┘И ╪╡╪н█М╪н ╪│┘Е╪м┌╛╪к█Т █Б█М┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з█М┌й ╪п┘И╪│╪▒█Т ┌й█Т ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ┘Д┌С╪к█Т █Б█М┌║█Ф ╪в╪о╪▒┌й╪з╪▒╪М ╪╣┘В┘Д ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п┘Д ╪п┘И┘Ж┘И┌║ █М█Б ╪│┘Е╪м┌╛╪к█Т █Б█М┌║ ┌й█Б ╪п┘И┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й╪з ╪з┘╛┘Ж╪з ╪з┘╛┘Ж╪з ┘Е┘В╪з┘Е █Б█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з┘Ж ╪п┘И┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к █Б█Т█Ф
╪з╪│ ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М ┌й╪з ┘╛█М╪║╪з┘Е █М█Б █Б█Т ┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪╣┘В┘Д ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п┘Д ╪п┘И┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪│┘Ж┘Ж█М ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ╪п┘И┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒┘Е█М╪з┘Ж ╪к┘И╪з╪▓┘Ж ┘╛█М╪п╪з ┌й╪▒┘Ж╪з ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т ╪к╪з┌й█Б ┘И█Б ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й┘И ╪и█Б╪к╪▒ ╪и┘Ж╪з ╪│┌й█Т█Ф
┘Ж╪к█М╪м█Б:
┘Е╪▒╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ╪з█М┌й ╪з█Б┘Е ╪з╪п╪и█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪к╪╡┘Ж█М┘Б █Б█Т ╪м┘И ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ┘В╪п█М┘Е ╪з█М╪▒╪з┘Ж█М ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к ┌й╪з ╪н╪╡█Б █Б█Т ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪п█М ┌п╪ж█М ╪н┌й┘Е╪к ┌й█М ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М╪з┌║ ╪в╪м ╪и┌╛█М ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪▒█Б┘Ж┘Е╪з╪ж█М ┘Б╪▒╪з█Б┘Е ┌й╪▒╪к█М █Б█М┌║█Ф ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪┤╪з┘Е┘Д ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М╪з┌║ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Б╪╖╪▒╪к╪М ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪╣┘Е┘Д╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ┘Б█М╪╡┘Д┘И┌║ ┘╛╪▒ ╪▒┘И╪┤┘Ж█М ┌И╪з┘Д╪к█М █Б█М┌║█Ф ┘Е╪▒╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ╪и┘Ж ╪▒╪│╪к┘Е ┘Ж█Т ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ╪з█Б┘Е ╪│╪и┘В ╪п█М█Т █Б█М┌║╪М ╪м┘И ╪в╪м ╪и┌╛█М █Б┘Е╪з╪▒█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪з█М┌й ┘В█М┘Е╪к█М ╪з╪л╪з╪л█Б █Б█М┌║█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М┘И┌║ ┌й█М ┘Е╪п╪п ╪│█Т █Б┘Е ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ┘Е╪│╪з╪ж┘Д ┌й╪з ╪н┘Д ╪к┘Д╪з╪┤ ┌й╪▒ ╪│┌й╪к█Т █Б█М┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з█М┌й ╪и█Б╪к╪▒ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ╪и┘Ж┘Ж█Т ┌й█М ┌й┘И╪┤╪┤ ┌й╪▒ ╪│┌й╪к█Т █Б█М┌║█Ф
┘Е╪▒╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪з█М┌й ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪п╪и ┌й╪з ╪о╪▓╪з┘Ж█Б █Б█Т ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪п█М ┌п╪ж█М ╪н┌й┘Е╪к ┌й█М ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М╪з┌║ ╪в╪м ┌й█Т ╪п┘И╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и┌╛█М ╪з╪к┘Ж█М █Б█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪▒┌й┌╛╪к█М █Б█М┌║ ╪м╪к┘Ж█М ┌й█Б ┘В╪п█М┘Е ╪▓┘Е╪з┘Ж█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ╪к┌╛█М┌║█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪в╪м ╪и┌╛█М ╪и╪▒┘В╪▒╪з╪▒ █Б█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ █М█Б █Б┘Е█М┌║ ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪и█Б╪к╪▒ ╪и┘Ж╪з┘Ж█Т ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪з█М┌й ┘В█М┘Е╪к█М ╪▒█Б┘Ж┘Е╪з╪ж█М ┘Б╪▒╪з█Б┘Е ┌й╪▒╪к█М █Б█Т█Ф
Marzbannameh: Marzban bin Rustam
Introduction: Marzbannameh is an important work of ancient Persian literature, written in the 11th century. The author of this book is Marzban bin Rustam, an Iranian sage and philosopher. This book is particularly composed of moral stories, advice, and philosophical teachings on the nature of life. Marzbannameh includes various anecdotes and tales that shed light on the realities of life, human character, social values, and ethical dilemmas. The purpose of these stories is to encourage people to live a better life. The book places particular emphasis on themes such as humanity, truth, courage, and wisdom. The stories included in Marzbannameh reflect the cultural, social, and moral values of ancient Iranian society.
The Life of Marzban bin Rustam: Marzban bin Rustam was a great philosopher and sage who dedicated his life to the promotion of knowledge and wisdom. He was from the region of Fars in Iran. Marzban’s era reflects an important period in Iranian history when the influence of the Sassanian Empire and Iranian culture was at its peak. He belonged to a distinguished family and was considered one of the most renowned intellectuals of his time. His lifeтАЩs purpose was to teach high moral and philosophical principles to people, and to achieve this goal, he wrote several works.
Knowledge and wisdom played a significant role in Marzban bin Rustam’s life. His teachings focused on the welfare of humanity and the improvement of society. He understood the social issues of his time and addressed them through his wisdom and knowledge. In his writings, we find not only moral and philosophical themes but also glimpses of the social and cultural values of Iranian society at the time.
Introduction to Marzbannameh: Marzbannameh is an interesting and important work that holds a prominent place in the history of Persian literature. The book is a collection of moral teachings, stories, and fables that represent the wisdom and intellect of Marzban bin Rustam. The tales in Marzbannameh highlight various aspects of human life, such as truth, courage, justice, friendship and enmity, love, and other human emotions.
The main aim of the book is to improve human character and moral qualities. Marzban uses different personalities and their actions as examples to inspire people to live better lives. Each chapter of Marzbannameh contains a new story, each with a moral lesson hidden within. These stories aim not only to improve an individualтАЩs character but also to promote ethical traditions within society.
Stories in Marzbannameh: Marzbannameh includes various stories that not only provide moral lessons but also offer deep insights into human behavior, emotions, and thought. These stories highlight the problems of everyday life and provide wisdom on how to solve them.
- The Story of the Deer, Mouse, and Eagle: One of the most famous stories in Marzbannameh is the tale of the deer, mouse, and eagle. In this story, three different animals represent different aspects of life. The deer (Ah┼л), the mouse (Mush), and the eagle (Uqab) act according to their nature, and their actions lead to different results.
The deer is characterized by its love for others and desire for peace, the mouse is selfish and always thinks of its own gain, while the eagle is powerful and prone to anger. The story demonstrates the different behaviors of these animals and the consequences of their actions. The moral of the story is that humans should follow principles of love, peace, truth, and wisdom in life, as the use of power and selfishness ultimately leads to harm.
- The Story of the Hunter and the Tree: Another famous story in Marzbannameh is about a hunter and a tree. In this tale, a hunter hides beneath a tree while trying to catch his prey, but instead of helping him, the tree turns against the hunter. The tree punishes the hunter for his actions and makes his life difficult.
The lesson of this story is that one must consider the consequences of their actions. If a person harms others, they will eventually face harm themselves. This story emphasizes the importance of justice, the power of revenge, and the balance of nature.
- The Story of the Minister and the Sea: Another tale in Marzbannameh is about a minister who tries to deceive others with his government decisions. He goes near the sea, trying to perform a miracle, but the sea exposes his trickery and deceit. The minister learns the lesson that deception always leads to a bad outcome, and anyone who deviates from the truth will ultimately face negative consequences.
- The Story of the Battle Between Reason and the Heart: Marzbannameh also includes a story about a conflict between reason and the heart. In this tale, reason and the heart each believe their own ideas are correct and they engage in a battle with each other. Eventually, both realize that each has its own place and importance in life.
The moral of this story is that one should listen to both their reason and their heart, and seek to strike a balance between the two in order to live a better life.
Conclusion: Marzbannameh is an important literary and ethical work that is not only a part of ancient Iranian culture but also contains wisdom that still provides guidance for people today. The stories included in the book shed light on human nature, actions, and moral decisions. Through this work, Marzban bin Rustam imparted valuable life lessons that remain a precious asset to this day. With the help of these stories, we can find solutions to various problems in our lives and strive to become better individuals.
Marzbannameh is not only a treasure of history and literature, but the wisdom contained in its stories holds as much relevance today as it did in ancient times. The importance of this book remains intact, as it continues to provide valuable guidance for improving our lives.
┘В╪з╪и┘И╪│ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б: ╪╣┘Ж╪╡╪▒ ╪з┘Д┘Е╪╣╪з┘Д█М ┌й█М┌й╪з╪д╪│
╪к╪╣╪з╪▒┘Б:
┘В╪з╪и┘И╪│ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█М ╪з█М┌й ╪з█Б┘Е ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘В╪п█М┘Е ┌й╪к╪з╪и █Б█Т ╪м╪│█Т ╪╣┘Ж╪╡╪▒ ╪з┘Д┘Е╪╣╪з┘Д█М ┌й█М┌й╪з╪д╪│ ┘Ж█Т ╪к╪╡┘Ж█М┘Б ┌й█М╪з█Ф █М█Б ┌й╪к╪з╪и ╪з█М╪▒╪з┘Ж█М ╪н┌й┘Е╪к╪М ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М╪з╪к╪М ╪│█М╪з╪│╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Е╪╣╪з╪┤╪▒╪к█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ╪н┘И╪з┘Д█Т ╪│█Т ╪з█М┌й ╪м╪з┘Е╪╣ ╪п╪│╪к╪з┘И█М╪▓ █Б█Т█Ф ┘В╪з╪и┘И╪│ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┌й┘И ╪з█М┌й ╪▒█Б┘Ж┘Е╪з╪ж█М ┌й╪к╪з╪и ╪│┘Е╪м┌╛╪з ╪м╪з╪к╪з █Б█Т ╪м╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ╪н┌й┘Е╪▒╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪▒╪╣╪з█М╪з ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪з█Б┘Е ┘Ж╪╡█М╪н╪к█М┌║╪М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪▒█Б┘Ж┘Е╪з╪ж█М ┘Б╪▒╪з█Б┘Е ┌й█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┌п╪ж█М ┘Ж╪╡█М╪н╪к┘И┌║ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪н┌й┘Е╪▒╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ╪и┘Д┌й█Б █Б╪▒ ┘Б╪▒╪п ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌п╪▓╪з╪▒┘Ж█Т ┌й█М ╪и█Б╪к╪▒ ╪▒╪з█Б┘Ж┘Е╪з╪ж█М ┘Б╪▒╪з█Б┘Е ┌й█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т█Ф █М█Б ┌й╪к╪з╪и ╪з█М┌й ╪з█М╪│█М ┘И╪▒╪з╪л╪к █Б█Т ╪м╪│ ┘Ж█Т ╪з█М╪▒╪з┘Ж█М ┘Е╪╣╪з╪┤╪▒╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к ┌й┘И ╪з█М┌й ┘Ж█М╪з ╪│┘Е╪к ╪п█М┘Ж█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█Б┘Е ┌й╪▒╪п╪з╪▒ ╪з╪п╪з ┌й█М╪з█Ф
╪╣┘Ж╪╡╪▒ ╪з┘Д┘Е╪╣╪з┘Д█М ┌й█М┌й╪з╪д╪│ ┌й╪з ╪к╪╣╪з╪▒┘Б:
╪╣┘Ж╪╡╪▒ ╪з┘Д┘Е╪╣╪з┘Д█М ┌й█М┌й╪з╪д╪│ ╪з█М┌й ╪з█М╪▒╪з┘Ж█М ╪н┌й┘Е╪▒╪з┘Ж╪М ┘Б┘Д╪│┘Б█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Е╪╡┘Ж┘Б ╪к┌╛█Т ╪м┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В ┘В╪п█М┘Е ╪з█М╪▒╪з┘Ж█М ╪о╪з┘Ж╪п╪з┘Ж ╪│█Т ╪к┌╛╪з█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪н┌й┘Е╪▒╪з┘Ж█М ┌й█М ┘Е╪п╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и█Б╪к ╪│█М ╪│┘Е╪з╪м█М╪М ╪│█М╪з╪│█М╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘В╪к╪╡╪з╪п█М ╪к╪и╪п█М┘Д█М╪з┌║ ╪в╪ж█М┌║█Ф ┌й█М┌й╪з╪д╪│ ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪и█Б╪к╪▒█М┘Ж ╪н┌й┘Е╪▒╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪┤┘Е╪з╪▒ ┌й█М█Т ╪м╪з╪к█Т █Б█М┌║ ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪н╪▒█М╪▒█М┌║ ╪и┌╛█М ╪з█М┌й ╪з█Б┘Е ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к█М ┘И╪▒╪л█Б ╪и┘Ж█М █Б█М┌║█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪│╪и ╪│█Т ┘Е╪┤█Б┘И╪▒ ╪к╪╡┘Ж█М┘Б ┘В╪з╪и┘И╪│ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б █Б█Т ╪м┘И ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪и█М┘╣█Т ┌й┘И ╪п█М ╪м╪з┘Ж█Т ┘И╪з┘Д█М ┘Ж╪╡█М╪н╪к┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪┤┌й┘Д ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Д┌й┌╛█М█Ф
┌й█М┌й╪з╪д╪│ ┌й█М █М█Б ┌й╪к╪з╪и ╪н┌й┘Е╪к╪М ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪▒█Б┘Ж┘Е╪з╪ж█М╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪н┌й┘Е╪▒╪з┘Ж█М ┌й█Т ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д┘И┌║ ┘╛╪▒ ┘Е╪и┘Ж█М █Б█Т╪М ╪м╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪│ ╪и╪з╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪▓┘И╪▒ ╪п█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т ┌й█Б ╪н┌й┘Е╪▒╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪╣┘И╪з┘Е ┌й█М ┘Б┘Д╪з╪н ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪и█Б╪и┘И╪п ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪з┘Ж╪╡╪з┘Б╪М ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪╣┘Д┘Е ┘╛╪▒ ╪╣┘Е┘Д ┌й╪▒┘Ж╪з ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ┌й█М┌й╪з╪д╪│ ┘Ж█Т ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ┘╛█Б┘Д┘И╪д┌║ ┘╛╪▒ ╪▒┘И╪┤┘Ж█М ┌И╪з┘Д█М █Б█Т╪М ╪м╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪│█М╪з╪│╪к╪М ╪н┌й┘Е╪▒╪з┘Ж█М╪М ╪о╪з┘Ж╪п╪з┘Ж╪М ╪к╪╣┘Д█М┘Е╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Е╪╣╪з╪┤╪▒╪к█М ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В╪з╪к ╪┤╪з┘Е┘Д █Б█М┌║█Ф
┘В╪з╪и┘И╪│ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┌й╪з ┘Е┘В╪╡╪п ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к:
┘В╪з╪и┘И╪│ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┌й█М ╪к╪╡┘Ж█М┘Б ┌й╪з ┘Е┘В╪╡╪п ╪з█М┌й ╪н┌й┘Е╪▒╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ╪з█Б┘Е ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д┘И┌║ ╪│█Т ╪в┌п╪з█Б ┌й╪▒┘Ж╪з ╪к┌╛╪з ╪к╪з┌й█Б ┘И█Б ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪▒╪╣╪з█М╪з ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪и█Б╪к╪▒ ┘Б█М╪╡┘Д█Т ┌й╪▒ ╪│┌й█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Б┘Д╪з╪н ┘И ╪и█Б╪и┘И╪п ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ┌й╪з┘Е ┌й╪▒█Т█Ф ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е┘И╪м┘И╪п ┘Ж╪╡█М╪н╪к█М┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪▒█Б┘Ж┘Е╪з╪ж█М╪з┌║ ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪н┌й┘Е╪▒╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪и┘Д┌й█Б █Б╪▒ ┘Б╪▒╪п ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т █Б█М┌║╪М ┌й█М┘И┘Ж┌й█Б ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т █Б╪▒ ┘╛█Б┘Д┘И ┘╛╪▒ ┌п█Б╪▒█М ┘Ж╪╕╪▒ ┌И╪з┘Д█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т█Ф ┌й█М┌й╪з╪д╪│ ┌й█М ╪к╪н╪▒█М╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ╪н┌й┘Е╪▒╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪░┘Е█Б ╪п╪з╪▒█М┘И┌║╪М ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д┘И┌║╪М ╪з┘Ж╪╡╪з┘Б╪М ╪╣┘Д┘Е╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Б╪▒╪п ┌й█М ╪░╪з╪к█М ╪к╪▒┘В█М ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪▓┘И╪▒ ╪п█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф
┘В╪з╪и┘И╪│ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┌й█М ╪│╪з╪о╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪и┘И╪з╪и:
┘В╪з╪и┘И╪│ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┘Е█М┌║ 53 ╪з╪и┘И╪з╪и █Б█М┌║ ╪м┘Ж ┘Е█М┌║ ╪│█Т █Б╪▒ ╪и╪з╪и ╪з█М┌й ╪о╪з╪╡ ┘Е┘И╪╢┘И╪╣ ┘╛╪▒ ╪к┘Б╪╡█М┘Д ╪│█Т ╪▒┘И╪┤┘Ж█М ┌И╪з┘Д╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┌й█М ╪│╪и ╪│█Т ╪з█Б┘Е ╪о╪╡┘И╪╡█М╪к █М█Б █Б█Т ┌й█Б █М█Б ╪з█М┌й ┘И╪з┘Д╪п ┌й█М ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪и█М┘╣█Т ┌й┘И ╪п█М ╪м╪з┘Ж█Т ┘И╪з┘Д█М ┘Ж╪╡█М╪н╪к┘И┌║ ┘╛╪▒ ┘Е╪┤╪к┘Е┘Д █Б█Т█Ф ┌й█М┌й╪з╪д╪│ ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪и█М┘╣█Т ┌й┘И ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ┘╛█Б┘Д┘И╪д┌║ ┘╛╪▒ ╪▒█Б┘Ж┘Е╪з╪ж█М ╪п█М╪к█Т █Б█М┌║╪М ╪м╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪│█М╪з╪│╪к╪М ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В╪М ╪к╪╣┘Д█М┘Е╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪н┌й┘Е╪▒╪з┘Ж█М ┌й█Т ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д ╪┤╪з┘Е┘Д █Б█М┌║█Ф █М█Б ┌й╪к╪з╪и ╪з█М┌й ╪н┌й┘Е╪▒╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪░╪з╪к█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М╪М ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪╣┘И╪з┘Е ┌й█Т ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В╪з╪к ┌й┘И ╪и█Б╪к╪▒ ╪и┘Ж╪з┘Ж█Т ┌й█М ┌й┘И╪┤╪┤ ┌й╪▒╪к█М █Б█Т█Ф
1. ┘╛╪п╪▒╪з┘Ж█Б ┘Ж╪╡█М╪н╪к█М┌║:
┘В╪з╪и┘И╪│ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┌й█М ╪│╪и ╪│█Т ╪з█Б┘Е ╪о╪╡┘И╪╡█М╪к █М█Б █Б█Т ┌й█Б █М█Б ╪з█М┌й ┘И╪з┘Д╪п ┌й█М ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪и█М┘╣█Т ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪п█М ╪м╪з┘Ж█Т ┘И╪з┘Д█М ┘Ж╪╡█М╪н╪к┘И┌║ ┌й╪з ┘Е╪м┘Е┘И╪╣█Б █Б█Т█Ф ┌й█М┌й╪з╪д╪│ ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪и█М┘╣█Т ┌й┘И ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ┘╛█Б┘Д┘И╪д┌║ ┘╛╪▒ ╪▒█Б┘Ж┘Е╪з╪ж█М ┘Б╪▒╪з█Б┘Е ┌й█М █Б█Т╪М ╪м┘Ж ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪з┘Ж╪╡╪з┘Б╪М ╪╣┘Д┘Е╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж█М ┘В╪п╪▒┘И┌║ ┘╛╪▒ █Б█Т█Ф ┌й█М┌й╪з╪д╪│ ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪и█М┘╣█Т ┌й┘И █Б┘Е█М╪┤█Б ╪│┌Ж ╪и┘И┘Д┘Ж█Т╪М ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д┘И┌║ ┘╛╪▒ ╪╣┘Е┘Д ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪╣┘И╪з┘Е ┌й█Т ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ╪╣╪п┘Д ┘И ╪з┘Ж╪╡╪з┘Б ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┌й█М ╪к╪▒╪║█М╪и ╪п█М█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ █М█Б ╪и┌╛█М ╪и╪к╪з█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т ┌й█Б ╪н┌й┘Е╪▒╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й┘И █Б┘Е█М╪┤█Б ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪╣┘И╪з┘Е ┌й█Т ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ┘Ж╪▒┘Е ╪▒┘И█М█Б ╪з╪о╪к█М╪з╪▒ ┌й╪▒┘Ж╪з ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┘Е╪│╪з╪ж┘Д ┌й╪з ╪н┘Д ╪к┘Д╪з╪┤ ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┌й█М ┌й┘И╪┤╪┤ ┌й╪▒┘Ж█М ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т█Ф
2. ╪н┌й┘Е╪▒╪з┘Ж█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж╪╡╪з┘Б:
┘В╪з╪и┘И╪│ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┘Е█М┌║ ╪н┌й┘Е╪▒╪з┘Ж█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж╪╡╪з┘Б ┘╛╪▒ ╪о╪з╪╡ ╪╖┘И╪▒ ┘╛╪▒ ╪▓┘И╪▒ ╪п█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ┌й█М┌й╪з╪д╪│ ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪и█М┘╣█Т ┌й┘И ╪и╪к╪з╪к█Т █Б█М┌║ ┌й█Б ╪з█М┌й ╪н┌й┘Е╪▒╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪│╪и ╪│█Т ╪и┌С█М ╪░┘Е█Б ╪п╪з╪▒█М ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪╣┘И╪з┘Е ┌й█Т ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ╪з┘Ж╪╡╪з┘Б ┌й╪▒┘Ж╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж╪╡╪з┘Б ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪╡╪п╪з┘В╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪╣┘Е┘Д ┌й╪▒┘Ж╪з ╪з█М┌й ╪н┌й┘Е╪▒╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪з┘И┘Д█М┘Ж ┘Б╪▒█М╪╢█Б █Б█Т█Ф ┌й█М┌й╪з╪д╪│ ┌й█Т ┘Е╪╖╪з╪и┘В╪М ╪н┌й┘Е╪▒╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И ┌й╪и┌╛█М ╪и┌╛█М ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪╣┘И╪з┘Е ┌й█Т ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ╪╕┘Д┘Е ┘Ж█Б█М┌║ ┌й╪▒┘Ж╪з ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Ж█Б █Б█М ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪╖╪з┘В╪к ┌й╪з ╪║┘Д╪╖ ╪з╪│╪к╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д ┌й╪▒┘Ж╪з ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т█Ф ╪н┌й┘Е╪▒╪з┘Ж█М ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з┘Ж╪╡╪з┘Б ┌й╪з ┘╛█Б┘Д┘И ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪з█М┌й ╪н┌й┘Е╪▒╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪░╪з╪к█М ┌й╪з┘Е█М╪з╪и█М ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪╢╪▒┘И╪▒█М █Б█Т ╪и┘Д┌й█Б █М█Б ┘╛┘И╪▒█Т ┘Е╪╣╪з╪┤╪▒█Т ┌й█М ┘Б┘Д╪з╪н ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪и┌╛█М ╪з█Б┘Е █Б█Т█Ф
3. ╪к╪╣┘Д█М┘Е ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к:
┘В╪з╪и┘И╪│ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┘Е█М┌║ ╪к╪╣┘Д█М┘Е ┌й┘И ╪и█Б╪к ╪и┌С█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪п█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т█Ф ┌й█М┌й╪з╪д╪│ ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪и█М┘╣█Т ┌й┘И ╪и╪к╪з█М╪з ┌й█Б ╪╣┘Д┘Е ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪к╪╣┘Д█М┘Е ┌й█Т ╪и╪║█М╪▒ ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┘Е█М┌║ ┌й╪з┘Е█М╪з╪и█М ╪н╪з╪╡┘Д ┌й╪▒┘Ж╪з ┘Е┘Е┌й┘Ж ┘Ж█Б█М┌║█Ф ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ █М█Б ┌й█Б╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т ┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И █Б┘Е█М╪┤█Б ╪╣┘Д┘Е ┌й█М ╪м╪│╪к╪м┘И ┌й╪▒┘Ж█М ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т ┌й█М┘И┘Ж┌й█Б ╪╣┘Д┘Е ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ┘Е╪│╪з╪ж┘Д ┌й╪з ╪н┘Д ┘╛█М╪┤ ┌й╪▒╪к╪з █Б█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│█Т ╪п┘Ж█М╪з ┌й█Т ╪к┘Е╪з┘Е ┌Ж█М┘Д┘Ж╪м╪▓ ┌й╪з ┘Е┘В╪з╪и┘Д█Б ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┌й█М ╪╖╪з┘В╪к ┘Б╪▒╪з█Б┘Е ┌й╪▒╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪к╪╣┘Д█М┘Е ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ┘Б╪▒╪п ┌й█М ╪░╪з╪к█М ╪к╪▒┘В█М ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪╢╪▒┘И╪▒█М █Б█Т ╪и┘Д┌й█Б █М█Б ┘╛┘И╪▒█Т ┘Е╪╣╪з╪┤╪▒█Т ┌й█М ┘Б┘Д╪з╪н ┘И ╪и█Б╪и┘И╪п ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪и┌╛█М ╪╢╪▒┘И╪▒█М █Б█Т█Ф
4. ╪╣╪▓╪к ┘Ж┘Б╪│ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪к┘И╪з╪╢╪╣:
┘В╪з╪и┘И╪│ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┘Е█М┌║ ╪╣╪▓╪к ┘Ж┘Б╪│ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪к┘И╪з╪╢╪╣ ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪и┌╛█М ╪▓┘И╪▒ ╪п█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ┌й█М┌й╪з╪д╪│ ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪и█М┘╣█Т ┌й┘И ╪и╪к╪з╪к█Т █Б█М┌║ ┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И █Б┘Е█М╪┤█Б ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪╣╪▓╪к ┘Ж┘Б╪│ ┌й┘И ╪и╪▒┘В╪▒╪з╪▒ ╪▒┌й┌╛┘Ж╪з ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ┌й╪и┌╛█М ╪и┌╛█М ┌Ж┌╛┘И┘╣█Т ┘Д┘И┌п┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪╖╪▒╪н ┘Ж█Б█М┌║ ╪м█М┘Ж╪з ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪и╪з┘И╪м┘И╪п╪М ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ╪к┘И╪з╪╢╪╣ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж┌й╪│╪з╪▒█М ┌й┘И ╪и┌╛█М ╪и█Б╪к ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪п█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┌й█Б╪з ┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И █Б┘Е█М╪┤█Б ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪╣┘Е┘Д ┘Е█М┌║ ╪к┘И╪з╪╢╪╣ ╪п┌й┌╛╪з┘Ж█М ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т╪М ┌Ж╪з█Б█Т ┘И█Б ╪н┌й┘Е╪▒╪з┘Ж █Б┘И █М╪з ╪╣╪з┘Е ╪┤█Б╪▒█М█Ф
5. ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Б╪▒╪п ┌й█М ╪░╪з╪к█М ╪к╪▒┘В█М:
┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Б╪▒╪п ┌й█М ╪░╪з╪к█М ╪к╪▒┘В█М ┌й┘И ╪и█Б╪к ╪и┌С█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪п█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т█Ф ┌й█М┌й╪з╪д╪│ ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪и█М┘╣█Т ┌й┘И ╪и╪к╪з╪к█Т █Б█М┌║ ┌й█Б ╪з█М┌й ╪з┌Ж┌╛╪з ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж █Б┘Е█М╪┤█Б ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д┘И┌║ ┘╛╪▒ ╪╣┘Е┘Д ┌й╪▒╪к╪з █Б█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪░╪з╪к█М ╪к╪▒┘В█М ┌й█М ┌й┘И╪┤╪┤ ┌й╪▒╪к╪з ╪▒█Б╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д┘И┌║ ┘╛╪▒ ╪╣┘Е┘Д ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ╪│█Т ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪░╪з╪к█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ╪и█Б╪к╪▒ █Б┘И╪к█М █Б█Т ╪и┘Д┌й█Б █М█Б ┘╛┘И╪▒█Т ┘Е╪╣╪з╪┤╪▒█Т ┌й█М ┘Б┘Д╪з╪н ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪и┌╛█М ╪╢╪▒┘И╪▒█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И █Б┘Е█М╪┤█Б ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ┌й┘Е╪▓┘И╪▒█М┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪о╪з┘Е█М┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┌й█М ┌й┘И╪┤╪┤ ┌й╪▒┘Ж█М ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т ╪к╪з┌й█Б ┘И█Б ╪з█М┌й ╪и█Б╪к╪▒ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ╪и┘Ж ╪│┌й█Т█Ф
6. ╪┤╪▒╪з┌й╪к ╪п╪з╪▒█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪к╪╣╪з┘И┘Ж:
┘В╪з╪и┘И╪│ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┘Е█М┌║ ╪┤╪▒╪з┌й╪к ╪п╪з╪▒█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪к╪╣╪з┘И┘Ж ┌й┘И ╪и┌╛█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪п█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т█Ф ┌й█М┌й╪з╪д╪│ ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪и█М┘╣█Т ┌й┘И ╪и╪к╪з╪к█Т █Б█М┌║ ┌й█Б ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┘Е█М┌║ ┌й╪з┘Е█М╪з╪и █Б┘И┘Ж█Т ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И ╪п┘И╪│╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ┘Е┘Д ┌й╪▒ ┌й╪з┘Е ┌й╪▒┘Ж╪з ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘И█Б ╪з╪┤╪з╪▒█Б ┌й╪▒╪к█Т █Б█М┌║ ┌й█Б ┌й╪│ ╪╖╪▒╪н ╪н┌й┘Е╪▒╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ┘Е╪┤█М╪▒┘И┌║╪М ┘И╪▓█М╪▒┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪╣┘И╪з┘Е ┌й█Т ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ┘Е┘Д ┌й╪▒ ┘Б█М╪╡┘Д█Т ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ┘Е╪╖╪з╪и┘В╪М ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й╪и┌╛█М ╪и┌╛█М ╪з┌й█М┘Д╪з ┌й╪з┘Е█М╪з╪и ┘Ж█Б█М┌║ █Б┘И ╪│┌й╪к╪з ╪з┘И╪▒ █Б┘Е█М╪┤█Б ╪п┘И╪│╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й█М ┘Е╪п╪п ┌й█М ╪╢╪▒┘И╪▒╪к █Б┘И╪к█М █Б█Т█Ф
7. ╪о┘И╪п ┘╛╪▒ ┘В╪з╪и┘И ┘╛╪з┘Ж╪з:
┘В╪з╪и┘И╪│ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ┘Е█М┌║ ╪о┘И╪п ┘╛╪▒ ┘В╪з╪и┘И ┘╛╪з┘Ж█Т ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪и┌╛█М ╪▓┘И╪▒ ╪п█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ┌й█М┌й╪з╪д╪│ ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪и█М┘╣█Т ┌й┘И █М█Б ╪│┌й┌╛╪з█М╪з ┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪о┘И╪з█Б╪┤╪з╪к ┘╛╪▒ ┘В╪з╪и┘И ┘╛╪з┘Ж█Т ┌й█М ╪╢╪▒┘И╪▒╪к █Б█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ █Б┘Е█М╪┤█Б ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪╣┘В┘Д ┘И ┘Б█Б┘Е ╪│█Т ┌й╪з┘Е ┘Д█М┘Ж╪з ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪│╪и ╪│█Т ╪и┌С█М ┌й┘Е╪▓┘И╪▒█М ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪о┘И╪з█Б╪┤╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪м╪░╪и╪з╪к █Б┘И╪к█Т █Б█М┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪м╪и ╪к┌й ┘И█Б ╪з┘Ж ┘╛╪▒ ┘В╪з╪и┘И ┘Ж█Б█М┌║ ┘╛╪з╪к╪з╪М ┘И█Б ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┘Е█М┌║ ┌й╪з┘Е█М╪з╪и ┘Ж█Б█М┌║ █Б┘И ╪│┌й╪к╪з█Ф
8. ┘╛█М╪з╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Е╪н╪и╪к:
┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ┘╛█М╪з╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Е╪н╪и╪к ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ┌й┘И ╪и┌╛█М ╪з╪м╪з┌п╪▒ ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ┌й█М┌й╪з╪д╪│ ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪и█М┘╣█Т ┌й┘И ╪и╪к╪з█М╪з ┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪н╪и╪к ┌й┘И ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪п█М┘Ж█М ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т█Ф ┘Е╪н╪и╪к ╪╡╪▒┘Б ┘Б╪▒╪п ┌й█М ╪░╪з╪к█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Ж█Б█М┌║ ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ┘Е╪╣╪з╪┤╪▒╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и┌╛█М ╪и█Б╪к ╪╢╪▒┘И╪▒█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ┘Е╪╖╪з╪и┘В╪М ╪з┌п╪▒ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ╪п┘И╪│╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ┘Е╪н╪и╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪н╪│┘Ж ╪│┘Д┘И┌й ╪│█Т ┘╛█М╪┤ ╪в╪к╪з █Б█Т╪М ╪к┘И ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┘Е█М┌║ ╪│┌й┘И┘Ж ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪о┘И╪┤█М ╪в╪к█М █Б█Т█Ф
┘Ж╪к█М╪м█Б:
┘В╪з╪и┘И╪│ ┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б ╪з█М┌й ╪з█М╪│█М ┌й╪к╪з╪и █Б█Т ╪м┘И ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪з█М╪▒╪з┘Ж ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪п┘Ж█М╪з ╪и┌╛╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪з╪п╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ╪з█Б┘Е ┘Е┘В╪з┘Е ╪▒┌й┌╛╪к█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪п█М ┌п╪ж█М ╪н┌й┘Е╪к█М┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Ж╪╡█М╪н╪к█М┌║ ╪в╪м ╪и┌╛█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪▒┌й┌╛╪к█М █Б█М┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪з╪л╪▒ ┘Е╪╣╪з╪┤╪▒╪к╪М ╪│█М╪з╪│╪к╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Б╪▒╪п ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┘╛╪▒ ╪п┌й┌╛╪з╪ж█М ╪п█М╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф ┌й█М┌й╪з╪д╪│ ┌й█М ╪к╪н╪▒█М╪▒ ┘Ж█Т █Б┘Е█М┌║ █М█Б ╪│┌й┌╛╪з█М╪з ┌й█Б ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┘Е█М┌║ ┌й╪з┘Е█М╪з╪и█М ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д┘И┌║╪М ╪з┘Ж╪╡╪з┘Б╪М ╪╣┘Д┘Е╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Е╪н╪и╪к ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к █Б█Т█Ф █М█Б ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪н┌й┘Е╪▒╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪и┘Д┌й█Б █Б╪▒ ┘Б╪▒╪п ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪з█М┌й ╪▒█Б┘Ж┘Е╪з╪ж█М ┌й╪з ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Б █Б█Т ╪м╪│█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┘Е█М┌║ ╪╣┘Е┘Д ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Д╪з┘Ж╪з ╪╢╪▒┘И╪▒█М █Б█Т█Ф
Qabusnama: Ansoor al-Ma’ali Kaykawus
Introduction: Qabusnama is an important and ancient work of Persian literature, written by Ansoor al-Ma’ali Kaykawus. This book is a comprehensive document on Iranian wisdom, ethics, politics, and social life. Qabusnama is considered a guidebook containing crucial advice, life principles, and ethical guidance for a ruler towards his subjects. The advice provided in this book is not only for rulers but also offers better guidance for every individual in life. It is a legacy that has played an important role in giving Iranian society and culture a new direction.
Introduction to Ansoor al-Ma’ali Kaykawus: Ansoor al-Ma’ali Kaykawus was an Iranian ruler, philosopher, and writer from an ancient Iranian family. During his reign, there were many social, political, and economic changes. Kaykawus is regarded as one of the best rulers of his time, and his writings have become an important cultural heritage. His most famous work is Qabusnama, which he wrote in the form of advice given to his son.
Kaykawus’ book is based on wisdom, ethical guidance, and the principles of rulership, emphasizing that rulers should act with justice, ethics, and knowledge for the welfare and well-being of their people. In this book, Kaykawus highlights various aspects of life, including politics, governance, family, education, and social relationships.
The Purpose and Importance of Qabusnama: The purpose of composing Qabusnama was to make a ruler aware of the important principles of life so that he could make better decisions for his subjects and work for their well-being. The advice and guidance in the book are not only for rulers but for every individual because it delves into every aspect of life. Kaykawus’ writing stresses the importance of a ruler’s responsibilities, ethical principles, justice, knowledge, and the personal development of an individual.
Structure and Chapters of Qabusnama: Qabusnama consists of 53 chapters, each of which sheds detailed light on a specific topic. The most important feature of the book is that it is a collection of advice from a father to his son. Kaykawus provides guidance to his son on various aspects of life, including politics, ethics, education, and principles of governance. This book attempts to improve a ruler’s personal life, moral principles, and relationship with the people.
- Paternal Advice: The most important feature of Qabusnama is that it is a collection of advice given by a father to his son. Kaykawus provides his son with guidance on various aspects of life, emphasizing the importance of justice, knowledge, and human values. Kaykawus encourages his son to always speak the truth, follow moral principles, and treat the people with justice and fairness. The book also emphasizes that rulers should adopt a gentle attitude toward their people and strive to find solutions to their problems.
- Governance and Justice: Qabusnama places particular emphasis on governance and justice. Kaykawus tells his son that the primary responsibility of a ruler is to treat the people with justice. Upholding justice and integrity is the foremost duty of a ruler. According to Kaykawus, a ruler should never be unjust to his people, nor should he misuse his power. The aspect of justice in governance is crucial not only for the personal success of the ruler but also for the welfare of the entire society.
- The Importance of Education: Qabusnama attaches great importance to education. Kaykawus tells his son that success in life is not possible without knowledge and education. The book emphasizes that a person should always seek knowledge because it provides solutions to various problems and empowers them to face all challenges in the world. Education is not only necessary for an individual’s personal development but also for the welfare of society as a whole.
- Self-Respect and Humility: Qabusnama also emphasizes the importance of self-respect and humility. Kaykawus advises his son that a person should always maintain their self-respect and should never live in a way that is beneath their dignity. At the same time, he stresses the importance of humility and says that a person should always show humility in their actions, whether they are a ruler or a common citizen.
- Ethical Principles and Personal Development: The book places significant importance on ethical principles and the personal development of an individual. Kaykawus tells his son that a good person always follows ethical principles and continuously strives for personal growth. Adhering to ethical principles not only improves a personтАЩs personal life but is also essential for the welfare of society. A person should always try to overcome their weaknesses and flaws to become a better human being.
- Partnership and Cooperation: Qabusnama also stresses the importance of partnership and cooperation. Kaykawus tells his son that to succeed in life, a person must work together with others. He emphasizes that rulers should make decisions in collaboration with their advisors, ministers, and people. According to this principle, a person can never succeed alone and always needs the help of others.
- Self-Control: The importance of self-control is also emphasized in Qabusnama. Kaykawus teaches his son that a person needs to control their desires and always use their intellect and reason. The greatest weakness of a person is their desires and emotions, and unless they gain control over these, they will not be successful in life.
- Love and Affection: The importance of love and affection is highlighted in the book. Kaykawus tells his son that a person should give importance to love in their life. Love is not only important in an individualтАЩs personal life but also in society. According to him, if a person treats others with love and kindness, peace and happiness will prevail in their life.
Conclusion: Qabusnama is a book that holds an important place not only in Iran but in world literature. The wisdom and advice provided in this book are still relevant today and its impact is seen in society, politics, and an individual’s life. Kaykawus’ writings have taught us that for success in life, ethical principles, justice, knowledge, and love are essential. This book is not only a guide for rulers but for every individual, and it is necessary to implement its teachings in one’s life.
┌Ж╪з╪▒┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Б – ┘Ж╪╕╪з┘Е█М ╪╣╪▒┘И╪╢█М ╪│┘Е╪▒┘В┘Ж╪п█М
╪к╪╣╪з╪▒┘Б
┌Ж╪з╪▒┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Б╪М ╪м╪│█Т ┘Ж╪╕╪з┘Е█М ╪╣╪▒┘И╪╢█М ╪│┘Е╪▒┘В┘Ж╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪к╪н╪▒█М╪▒ ┌й█М╪з █Б█Т╪М ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█М ╪з█М┌й ╪з█Б┘Е ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘В╪п█М┘Е ╪к╪╡┘Ж█М┘Б █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪п╪и╪М ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М╪М ┘Б┘Д╪│┘Б█Б╪М ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪н┌й┘Е╪к ┌й█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ┘╛█Б┘Д┘И╪д┌║ ┘╛╪▒ ╪к┘Б╪╡█М┘Д ╪│█Т ╪▒┘И╪┤┘Ж█М ┌И╪з┘Д█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┌й┘И ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪п┘Ж█М╪з ┌й█Т ╪п█М┌п╪▒ ╪з╪п╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и┌╛█М ╪з█М┌й ╪з█Б┘Е ┘Е┘В╪з┘Е ╪н╪з╪╡┘Д █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█М ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ╪з┘В╪│╪з┘Е ┌й█М ╪к┘Б╪╡█М┘Д╪з╪к╪М ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪о╪╡┘И╪╡█М╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В█М ┘В┘И╪к┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪к╪┤╪▒█М╪н ┌й█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т█Ф
┘Ж╪╕╪з┘Е█М ╪╣╪▒┘И╪╢█М ╪│┘Е╪▒┘В┘Ж╪п█М ┌й╪з ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В ╪│┘Е╪▒┘В┘Ж╪п ╪│█Т ╪к┌╛╪з ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘И█Б ╪з█М┌й ┘Ж╪з┘Е┘И╪▒ ╪з╪п█М╪и ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒ ╪к┌╛█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪╡┘Ж█М┘Б ┌Ж╪з╪▒┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Б ┌й┘И ╪з█М┌й ┘Ж┘И╪╣█М╪к ┌й█М ╪з╪п╪и█М ╪з█М┘Ж╪│╪з╪ж█М┌й┘Д┘И ┘╛█М┌И█М╪з ╪│┘Е╪м┌╛╪з ╪м╪з╪к╪з █Б█Т ╪м╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█М ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ╪м█Б╪к┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪м╪з┘Е╪╣ ╪з┘Ж╪п╪з╪▓ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪з╪│ ╪╣╪╕█М┘Е ┌й╪з╪▒┘Ж╪з┘Е█Т ┘Ж█Т ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ┘Ж█М╪з ╪▒╪о ┘Е╪к╪╣╪з╪▒┘Б ┌й╪▒╪з█М╪з ╪з┘И╪▒ █М█Б ╪к╪╡┘Ж█М┘Б ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪м┘Е╪з┘Д█М╪з╪к ┌й█Т ╪н┘И╪з┘Д█Т ╪│█Т ╪з█М┌й ╪▒█Б┘Ж┘Е╪з╪ж█М ┌й█Т ╪╖┘И╪▒ ┘╛╪▒ ╪м╪з┘Ж█М ╪м╪з╪к█М █Б█Т█Ф
┌Ж╪з╪▒┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Б ┌й╪з ┘╛╪│ ┘Е┘Ж╪╕╪▒
┌Ж╪з╪▒┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Б ┌й┘И ╪п╪▒╪з╪╡┘Д ┘Ж╪╕╪з┘Е█М ╪╣╪▒┘И╪╢█М ╪│┘Е╪▒┘В┘Ж╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з█М┌й ╪з┘П╪│╪к╪з╪п╪з┘Ж█Б ╪╖╪▒█М┘В█Т ╪│█Т ┘Д┌й┌╛╪з █Б█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й╪з ┘Е┘В╪╡╪п ╪к┌╛╪з ┌й█Б ╪з╪п╪и ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ┌й█М ╪к╪╣┘Д█М┘Е ╪н╪з╪╡┘Д ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┘И╪з┘Д█Т ╪з┘Б╪▒╪з╪п ┌й┘И ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ┌п█Б╪▒╪з╪ж█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪о┘И╪и╪╡┘И╪▒╪к█М ╪│█Т ╪в┌п╪з█Б ┌й█М╪з ╪м╪з╪ж█Т█Ф █М█Б ┌й╪к╪з╪и ╪з┘П╪▒╪п┘И ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М╪М ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪з┘В┘И╪з┘Д╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ╪з╪п╪и█М ┘Б╪з╪▒┘Е┘╣╪│ ┌й█М ╪к┘Б╪╡█М┘Д ┘Б╪▒╪з█Б┘Е ┌й╪▒╪к█М █Б█Т╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ┌й┘И ┘И╪з╪╢╪н ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪з█М┌й ┘Е╪д╪л╪▒ ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Б ╪и┘Ж ┌Ж┌й█М █Б█Т█Ф
┌Ж╪з╪▒┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Б ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪м┘Е┘И╪╣█М ╪╖┘И╪▒ ┘╛╪▒ ┌Ж╪з╪▒ ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ┘Е┘И╪╢┘И╪╣╪з╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪и╪н╪л ┌й█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т ╪м┘Ж ┘Е█М┌║ ╪│█Т █Б╪▒ ╪з█М┌й ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█М ╪з█М┌й ╪з█Б┘Е ╪о╪╡┘И╪╡█М╪к █М╪з ╪м█Б╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪▒┘И╪┤┘Ж█М ┌И╪з┘Д╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф █М█Б ┌Ж╪з╪▒ ┘Е┘И╪╢┘И╪╣╪з╪к ╪п╪▒╪з╪╡┘Д ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█М ╪и┘Ж█М╪з╪п █Б█М┌║ ╪м┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к┘Б╪╡█М┘Д ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪п█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т█Ф ┘Ж╪╕╪з┘Е█М ╪╣╪▒┘И╪╢█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█М ╪к╪╣┘Д█М┘Е ┘И ╪к╪п╪▒█М╪│ ┌й┘И ╪з█М┌й ╪│┘Д█М╪│ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪м╪з┘Е╪╣ ╪з┘Ж╪п╪з╪▓ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М╪з █Б█Т╪М ╪м╪│█Т ╪в╪м ╪и┌╛█М ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█Т ╪╖┘Д╪и╪з╪б ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪п█М╪и ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ┌й╪з┘Е ┘Е█М┌║ ╪▒█Б┘Ж┘Е╪з╪ж█М ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪з╪│╪к╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д ┌й╪▒╪к█Т █Б█М┌║█Ф
┌Ж╪з╪▒┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Б ┌й█Т ┌Ж╪з╪▒ ┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Т
┌Ж╪з╪▒┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Б ┘Е█М┌║ ┌Ж╪з╪▒ ╪з█Б┘Е ┘Е┘И╪╢┘И╪╣╪з╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪к┘Б╪╡█М┘Д ╪│█Т ╪и╪з╪к ┌й█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т ╪м┘Ж█Б█М┌║ ┌Ж╪з╪▒ ┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Т ┌й█Б╪з ╪м╪з╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф █М█Б ┘Е┘И╪╢┘И╪╣╪з╪к █Б█М┌║:
- ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к ╪з╪│┌й╪з┘Ж█М
- ┌Ж┌п┘И┘Ж┌п█М ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒ ┘И ╪┤╪╣╪▒ ╪з┘И
- ╪и╪░┘Д█Б ┌п┘И╪ж█М ┘И ╪╖┘Ж╪▓
- ╪з╪╡┘Ж╪з┘Б ╪┤╪╣╪▒ ┘И ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М
1. ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к ╪з╪│┌й╪з┘Ж█М (╪н┌й╪з█М╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪│╪з╪п┌п█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪л╪▒╪з╪к)
┘Ж╪╕╪з┘Е█М ╪╣╪▒┘И╪╢█М ┘Ж█Т ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к ╪з╪│┌й╪з┘Ж█М ┘Е█М┌║ ╪н┌й╪з█М╪к┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪│╪з╪п┌п█М╪М ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪з┘Ж╪п╪▒ ┘╛┘И╪┤█М╪п█Б ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Б┘Д╪│┘Б█М╪з┘Ж█Б ┘╛█М╪║╪з┘Е╪з╪к╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪з╪л╪▒╪з╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪▒┘И╪┤┘Ж█М ┌И╪з┘Д█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т ┌й█Б ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М╪з┌║ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█М ╪н┘В█М┘В╪к┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ┌й╪│ ╪╖╪▒╪н ╪з╪│ ╪з┘Ж╪п╪з╪▓ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘╛█М╪┤ ┌й╪▒╪к█М █Б█М┌║ ┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ╪о╪з╪╡ ╪к╪з╪л█М╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪л╪▒ █Б┘И╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к ┌й┘И ╪з█М┌й ┘Е┘И╪л╪▒ ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Б ╪к╪│┘Д█М┘Е ┌й█М╪з █Б█Т ╪м╪│ ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪з█Б┘Е ╪│╪и┘В ╪п█М█Т ╪м╪з ╪│┌й╪к█Т █Б█М┌║█Ф ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪к╪о█М┘Д ┌й┘И ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪п█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з╪│ ╪и╪з╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪и┌╛█М ╪▓┘И╪▒ ╪п█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т ┌й█Б ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█М ╪│┌Ж╪з╪ж█М┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪╕╪з█Б╪▒ ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┌й╪з ╪и█Б╪к╪▒█М┘Ж ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Б █Б█М┌║█Ф
2. ┌Ж┌п┘И┘Ж┌п█М ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒ ┘И ╪┤╪╣╪▒ ╪з┘И (╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒ ┌й█М ╪┤╪о╪╡█М╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й╪з ┌й┘Д╪з┘Е)
╪з╪│ ┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Ж╪╕╪з┘Е█М ╪╣╪▒┘И╪╢█М ┘Ж█Т ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒ ┌й█М ╪┤╪о╪╡█М╪к╪М ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪о█М╪з┘Д╪з╪к╪М ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В█М ┘В┘И╪к┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ┌й┘Д╪з┘Е ┌й█М ┘Ж┘И╪╣█М╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪и╪з╪к ┌й█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ╪┤╪╣╪▒ ┌й█М ╪к╪╣╪▒█М┘Б ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ╪з┘В╪│╪з┘Е ┌й┘И ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒ ┌й█М ╪▒┘И╪н╪з┘Ж█М╪к╪М ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪░█Б┘Ж█М ╪з╪▒╪к┘В╪з╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ┘Б┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪╣╪▒█М┘Б ┌й█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т█Ф ┘Ж╪╕╪з┘Е█М ┘Ж█Т ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ┌й█М ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В ┘Е█М┌║ █Б┘И┘Ж█Т ┘И╪з┘Д█Т ╪╣┘Е┘Д ┌й█М ╪к┘Б╪╡█М┘Д ┘Б╪▒╪з█Б┘Е ┌й█М █Б█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ╪и╪з╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪▓┘И╪▒ ╪п█М╪з █Б█Т ┌й█Б ╪з█М┌й ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒ ┌й█Т ┌й┘Д╪з┘Е ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪н╪╢ ┘Д┘Б╪╕┘И┌║ ┌й╪з ╪к┘И╪з╪▓┘Ж ┘Ж█Б█М┌║ ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ┌п█Б╪▒█М ╪│┘И┌Ж ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п┘Д ┌й█М ┌й█М┘Б█М╪к ╪и┌╛█М ┌Ж┌╛┘╛█М █Б┘И╪к█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ┌й█М ╪╖╪з┘В╪к ┌й┘И ╪к╪│┘Д█М┘Е ┌й█М╪з ╪з┘И╪▒ ┌й█Б╪з ┌й█Б ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒ ┌й╪з ┌й╪з┘Е ┘Е╪н╪╢ ╪з╪┤╪╣╪з╪▒ ┘Д┌й┌╛┘Ж╪з ┘Ж█Б█М┌║ █Б┘И╪к╪з ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ┘И█Б ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪з┘Ж╪п╪▒ ┌й█М ┌п█Б╪▒█М ╪м╪░╪и╪з╪к█М ┌й█М┘Б█М╪з╪к ┌й┘И ┘Д┘Б╪╕┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ╪╕╪з█Б╪▒ ┌й╪▒╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф
3. ╪и╪░┘Д█Б ┌п┘И╪ж█М ┘И ╪╖┘Ж╪▓ (╪╕╪▒╪з┘Б╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪к┘Ж┘В█М╪п)
╪з╪│ ╪и╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Ж╪╕╪з┘Е█М ╪╣╪▒┘И╪╢█М ┘Ж█Т ╪и╪░┘Д█Б ┌п┘И╪ж█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪╖┘Ж╪▓ ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪и╪з╪к ┌й█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т █М█Б ┘И╪╢╪з╪н╪к ┌й█М ┌й█Б ╪┤╪╣╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪╕╪▒╪з┘Б╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪╖┘Ж╪▓ ┌й╪з ╪з╪│╪к╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д ┌й█М╪│█Т ┌й█М╪з ╪м╪з╪к╪з █Б█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ┌й╪│ ╪╖╪▒╪н ╪│┌й┌╛╪з█М╪з ╪м╪з ╪│┌й╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ╪╖┘Ж╪▓ ┌й┘И ╪з█М┌й ╪з█Б┘Е ╪з╪п╪и█М ╪в┘Д█Б ┘В╪▒╪з╪▒ ╪п█М╪з ╪з┘И╪▒ ┌й█Б╪з ┌й█Б ╪╖┘Ж╪▓ ┌й╪│█М ╪и┌╛█М ┘Е╪╣╪з╪┤╪▒╪к█М╪М ╪│█М╪з╪│█М █М╪з ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ┘Ж┘В╪╡ ┌й┘И ╪з╪м╪з┌п╪▒ ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┌й╪з ╪з█М┌й ╪и█Б╪к╪▒█М┘Ж ╪╖╪▒█М┘В█Б █Б█Т█Ф ╪и╪░┘Д█Б ┌п┘И╪ж█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪╖┘Ж╪▓ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Д╪╖█М┘Б█М╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪░╪з╪к█М ╪н╪│┘Ж┘Р ╪░┘И┘В ┌й█М ╪╢╪▒┘И╪▒╪к █Б┘И╪к█М █Б█Т ╪к╪з┌й█Б ┘И█Б ╪з█М┌й ┘Е╪л╪и╪к ┘╛█М╪║╪з┘Е ╪п█Т ╪│┌й█Т█Ф ┘Ж╪╕╪з┘Е█М ┘Ж█Т ╪╖┘Ж╪▓ ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ┘Е╪╣╪з╪┤╪▒╪к█М ╪з╪╡┘Д╪з╪н╪з╪к ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪▓┘И╪▒ ╪п█М╪з ╪з┘И╪▒ ┌й█Б╪з ┌й█Б ╪╖┘Ж╪▓ ┌й┘И ┘Е╪л╪и╪к ╪│┘Е╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪│╪к╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д ┌й╪▒┘Ж╪з ╪╢╪▒┘И╪▒█М █Б█Т█Ф
4. ╪з╪╡┘Ж╪з┘Б ╪┤╪╣╪▒ ┘И ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М (╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ┌й█М ╪з┘В╪│╪з┘Е)
╪з╪│ ┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Ж╪╕╪з┘Е█М ╪╣╪▒┘И╪╢█М ┘Ж█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ╪з┘В╪│╪з┘Е ┌й█М ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪з╪│╪к╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д ┘╛╪▒ ╪и╪з╪к ┌й█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ┌й█М ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ╪з╪╡┘Ж╪з┘Б ╪м█М╪│█Т ╪║╪▓┘Д╪М ┘В╪╡█М╪п█Б╪М ┘Е╪л┘Ж┘И█М╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘В╪╖╪╣╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪к┘Б╪╡█М┘Д ╪│█Т ╪и╪н╪л ┌й█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т█Ф ┘Ж╪╕╪з┘Е█М ┘Ж█Т ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ┌й█М █Б╪▒ ╪╡┘Ж┘Б ┌й█Т ┘Б┘И╪з╪ж╪п ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪з╪│╪к╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д ┌й█Т ╪╖╪▒█М┘В┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ┌й█М █Б╪▒ ╪╡┘Ж┘Б ┌й█Т ╪з┘Ж╪п╪▒ ┘Е┘И╪м┘И╪п ╪м┘Е╪з┘Д█М╪з╪к█М ╪о╪╡┘И╪╡█М╪з╪к╪М ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В█М ╪╣┘Е┘Д╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪з╪л╪▒╪з╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪▒┘И╪┤┘Ж█М ┌И╪з┘Д█М █Б█Т█Ф █М█Б ╪и╪з╪и ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ┌й█Т ╪н┘И╪з┘Д█Т ╪│█Т ╪з█М┌й ╪м╪з┘Е╪╣ ╪▒█Б┘Ж┘Е╪з╪ж█М ┘Б╪▒╪з█Б┘Е ┌й╪▒╪к╪з █Б█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪п█М╪и┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ┌й┘Д╪з┘Е ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪и█Б╪к╪▒█М┘Ж ╪╡┘Ж┘Б ┌й╪з ╪з┘Ж╪к╪о╪з╪и ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪п╪п ╪п█М╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф
┌Ж╪з╪▒┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Б ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪л╪▒╪з╪к
┘Ж╪╕╪з┘Е█М ╪╣╪▒┘И╪╢█М ╪│┘Е╪▒┘В┘Ж╪п█М ┌й╪з ┌Ж╪з╪▒┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Б ╪з█М┌й ╪з█М╪│╪з ╪з╪п╪и█М ┌й╪з╪▒┘Ж╪з┘Е█Б █Б█Т ╪м╪│ ┘Ж█Т ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█Т ╪╣┘Д┘Е ┌й┘И ┘Ж╪ж█Т ╪з┘Б┘В ┘╛╪▒ ┘╛█Б┘Ж┌Ж╪з█М╪з█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ┌й█М ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о╪М ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪з╪╡┘Ж╪з┘Б╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В█М ╪╣┘Е┘Д ┘╛╪▒ ┘Е┘Б╪╡┘Д ╪и╪н╪л ┌й█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т ╪м╪│█Т ╪з╪п╪и█М ╪н┘Д┘В┘И┌║ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и█Т ╪н╪п ┘╛╪░█М╪▒╪з╪ж█М ┘Е┘Д█М█Ф ┌Ж╪з╪▒┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Б ┌й╪з ╪з╪л╪▒ ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪п█М┌п╪▒ ╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪з╪п╪и ┘╛╪▒ ╪и┌╛█М ╪▒█Б╪з █Б█Т█Ф
┌Ж╪з╪▒┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Б ┌й┘И ╪з█М┌й ╪п╪▒╪│█М ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┌й█М ╪н█М╪л█М╪к ╪н╪з╪╡┘Д █Б┘И╪ж█М ╪з┘И╪▒ █М█Б ┌й╪к╪з╪и █Б┘Е█М╪┤█Б ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█Т ╪╖╪з┘Д╪и ╪╣┘Д┘Е┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪п█М╪и┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪▒█Б┘Ж┘Е╪з╪ж█М ┌й╪з ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Б ╪и┘Ж█М ╪▒█Б█М█Ф ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Ж╪╕╪з┘Е█М ┘Ж█Т ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ┌й█М ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В ┌й█Т ╪и╪з╪▒█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█Б┘Е ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪▒█Б┘Ж┘Е╪з╪ж█М ┘Б╪▒╪з█Б┘Е ┌й█М █Б█Т ╪м╪│ ╪│█Т ╪в╪м ╪и┌╛█М ╪з╪п█М╪и ┘Б╪з╪ж╪п█Б ╪з┘╣┌╛╪з╪к█Т █Б█М┌║█Ф
┘Ж╪к█М╪м█Б
┌Ж╪з╪▒┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Б ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ┌й╪з ╪з█М┌й ╪╣╪╕█М┘Е ╪з╪л╪з╪л█Б █Б█Т ╪м╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪п╪и ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ┌й█Т ╪к┘Е╪з┘Е ╪з█Б┘Е ┘╛█Б┘Д┘И╪д┌║ ┘╛╪▒ ╪▒┘И╪┤┘Ж█М ┌И╪з┘Д█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т█Ф ┘Ж╪╕╪з┘Е█М ╪╣╪▒┘И╪╢█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪з╪л╪▒╪з╪к ┌й┘И ╪з╪м╪з┌п╪▒ ┌й█М╪з █Б█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│█Т ╪з█М┌й ╪╣┘Д┘Е█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪п╪и█М ┘И╪▒╪л█Б ╪и┘Ж╪з ╪п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Ж█Т ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█Т ╪╖┘Д╪и╪з╪б ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪п█М╪и┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪▒█Б┘Ж┘Е╪з╪ж█М ┘Б╪▒╪з█Б┘Е ┌й█М ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪п█М┌п╪▒ ╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪з╪п╪и ┘╛╪▒ ╪и┌╛█М ┌п█Б╪▒╪з ╪з╪л╪▒ ┌Ж┌╛┘И┌С╪з█Ф ╪в╪м ╪и┌╛█М ┌Ж╪з╪▒┘Е┘В╪з┘Д█Б ╪з╪п╪и ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ┌й█М ╪к╪╣┘Д█М┘Е ╪н╪з╪╡┘Д ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┘И╪з┘Д█Т ╪з┘Б╪▒╪з╪п ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪з█М┌й ┘В█М┘Е╪к█М ╪п╪│╪к╪з┘И█М╪▓ █Б█Т█Ф
Chahar Maqalah (The Four Discourses) – Nizami Aruzi Samarkandi
Introduction: Chahar Maqalah, written by Nizami Aruzi Samarkandi, is an important and ancient work of Persian literature. This book sheds detailed light on various aspects of literature, poetry, philosophy, history, and wisdom. It holds a significant place not only in Persian literature but also in world literature. It includes details about different forms of poetry and literature, the characteristics of poets, and an explanation of their creative powers.
Nizami Aruzi Samarkandi hailed from Samarkand and was a renowned scholar and poet. His work Chahar Maqalah is considered a type of literary encyclopedia, which comprehensively discusses various aspects of literature. This monumental work introduced a new direction in Persian literature and is regarded as a guide to the importance and aesthetics of literature.
Background of Chahar Maqalah: Chahar Maqalah was written by Nizami Aruzi Samarkandi in a pedagogical style, with the aim of making those learning literature and poetry aware of its depth and beauty. The book provides detailed insights into poetry, the sayings of poets, and different literary formats, and has become an effective tool for clarifying the importance of literature.
The book discusses four different topics, each of which highlights an essential feature or dimension of literature. These four topics form the foundation of literature, and Nizami Aruzi presents them in a comprehensive and lucid manner. Chahar Maqalah is still used by students and scholars of literature as a guiding resource.
The Four Discourses of Chahar Maqalah: In Chahar Maqalah, Nizami Aruzi discusses four main topics in detail, which are known as the “Four Discourses.” These topics are:
- Hikayat Askani (Simplicity and Effects of Narratives)
- Chuguni Shair o She’r-o (The Poet’s Character and His Poetry)
- Bazlah Goyi o Tanz (Wit and Satire)
- Asnaaf-e-Shair o Sha’iri (Types of Poetry and Poetic Forms)
- Hikayat Askani (Simplicity and Effects of Narratives): In this discourse, Nizami Aruzi discusses the simplicity of tales, the moral and philosophical messages hidden within them, and their effects. He elaborates on how stories and narratives present the realities of human life in a way that carries a unique influence. Nizami recognizes narratives as an effective tool for imparting important lessons. He emphasizes that narratives not only value imagination but are also one of the best ways to reveal the truths of life.
- Chuguni Shair o She’r-o (The Poet’s Character and His Poetry): This discourse discusses the poetтАЩs personality, thoughts, creative abilities, and the nature of his poetry. Nizami provides a definition of poetry and describes its different forms. He delves into the poet’s spirituality, mental evolution, and his art. He also describes the process of creating poetry and emphasizes that a poetтАЩs work is not just about balancing words; it reflects his deep thoughts and emotional state. Nizami acknowledges the power of poetry, saying that a poet’s role is not merely to write verses, but to express the deep emotional states within humans through words.
- Bazlah Goyi o Tanz (Wit and Satire): In this chapter, Nizami Aruzi highlights the importance of wit and satire. He explains how wit and satire are used in poetry and how they can teach valuable lessons to people. He considers satire as an important literary tool, one that can effectively expose societal, political, or moral flaws. Wit and satire require finesse and a sense of personal taste to convey a positive message. Nizami stresses the importance of using satire for social reforms and suggests that it should always be directed toward positive purposes.
- Asnaaf-e-Shair o Sha’iri (Types of Poetry and Poetic Forms): In this discourse, Nizami Aruzi discusses the different types of poetry and their uses. He provides a detailed examination of various forms of poetry such as ghazal, qasida, masnavi, and qita. Nizami elaborates on the advantages of each form and the methods for their usage. He explores the aesthetic qualities, creative processes, and effects of each poetic form. This chapter serves as a comprehensive guide to poetry and helps poets choose the best poetic form for their work.
Importance and Impact of Chahar Maqalah: Nizami Aruzi Samarkandi’s Chahar Maqalah is a literary achievement that has brought the knowledge of poetry and literature to new heights. The book provides an in-depth discussion on the history of poetry, its forms, and the creative process, and has received significant acclaim in literary circles. Chahar Maqalah has had a lasting influence not only on Persian literature but also on literature in other languages.
The book has become a textbook and has always been a guiding resource for literature students and scholars. Nizami has provided important principles and guidance on the creation of poetry, which continues to be beneficial to writers today.
Conclusion: Chahar Maqalah is a monumental asset to Persian literature, shedding light on all important aspects of literature and poetry. Through this book, Nizami Aruzi has highlighted the importance and impact of poetry, transforming it into a scholarly and literary legacy. This book has provided guidance not only to Persian literature students and writers but also left a profound impact on literature in other languages. Even today, Chahar Maqalah remains a valuable document for individuals seeking to learn about literature and poetry.
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╪┤█М╪о ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М
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“┌п┘Д╪│╪к╪з┘Ж” ┌й█М ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В
“┌п┘Д╪│╪к╪з┘Ж” ┌й█М ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В 1258 ┘Е█М┌║ █Б┘И╪ж█М╪М ╪м╪и ╪│╪╣╪п█М ╪з█М┌й ╪к╪м╪▒╪и█Б ┌й╪з╪▒ ╪п╪з┘Ж╪┤┘И╪▒ ╪и┘Ж ┌Ж┌й█Т ╪к┌╛█Т█Ф █М█Б ┌й╪к╪з╪и ╪з█М┌й ┘Ж╪л╪▒█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪┤╪╣╪▒█М ┘Е╪м┘Е┘И╪╣█Б █Б█Т╪М ╪м╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ┘╛█Б┘Д┘И╪д┌║╪М ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ┘Ж╪╡█М╪н╪к┘И┌║╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪│┌Ж█М ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ┘╛█М╪┤ ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪з╪│ ╪к╪╡┘Ж█М┘Б ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж█М╪к╪М ╪н╪│┘Ж ╪│┘Д┘И┌й╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Е╪╣╪з╪┤╪▒╪к█М ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В╪з╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪▓┘И╪▒ ╪п█М╪з█Ф “┌п┘Д╪│╪к╪з┘Ж” ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪│╪и┘В ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ╪и┘Ж█М╪з╪п█М ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т╪М ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е┘И╪м┘И╪п ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М╪з┌║ ╪з╪│ ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█М ╪│┘Е╪з╪м█М ╪н┘В█М┘В╪к┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪╣┌й╪з╪│█М ╪и┌╛█М ┌й╪▒╪к█М █Б█М┌║█Ф
“┌п┘Д╪│╪к╪з┘Ж” ┌й╪з ┘Е┘И╪╢┘И╪╣
“┌п┘Д╪│╪к╪з┘Ж” ┌й█Т ┘Е┘И╪╢┘И╪╣╪з╪к ┘Е█М┌║ ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█М ╪н┘В█М┘В╪к╪М ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪з┌Ж┌╛█Т ╪з╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪з┘Ж╪п╪▒┘И┘Ж█М ╪╡┘Б╪з╪к ┌й┘И ╪з╪м╪з┌п╪▒ ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪м┘Е┘И╪╣█М ╪╖┘И╪▒ ┘╛╪▒ 8 ╪и╪з╪и █Б█М┌║╪М ╪м┘Ж ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪к╪╣┘Д█М┘Е╪з╪к╪М ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Б╪╖╪▒╪к╪М ╪│┌Ж█М ┘Е╪н╪и╪к╪М ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒┘Е█М╪з┘Ж ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В╪з╪к╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Е╪╣╪з╪┤╪▒╪к█М ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д┘И┌║ ┘╛╪▒ ┌п┘Б╪к┌п┘И ┌й█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т█Ф █Б╪▒ ╪и╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪з┘Б┌й╪з╪▒ ┌й┘И ┘Е╪о╪к╪╡╪▒╪М ╪│╪з╪п█Б╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┌п█Б╪▒█М ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М╪з █Б█Т╪М ╪м┘Ж█Б█М┌║ ┘Д┘И┌п ╪в╪м ╪и┌╛█М ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪▒┘И╪▓┘Е╪▒█Б ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪│╪к╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д ┌й╪▒╪к█Т █Б█М┌║█Ф
- ╪и╪з╪и ╪з┘И┘Д – ╪в╪п╪з╪и ╪╡╪н╪и╪к: ╪з╪│ ╪и╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪┤█М╪о ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ╪з┌Ж┌╛█Т ╪│┘Д┘И┌й╪М ┘Е╪н┘Ж╪к╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з█М┘Е╪з┘Ж╪п╪з╪▒█М ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ┌й┘И ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒┘Е█М╪з┘Ж ╪з┌Ж┌╛█Т ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В╪з╪к ┌й┘И ┘В╪з╪ж┘Е ╪▒┌й┌╛┘Ж█Т ┌й█М ┌й┘И╪┤╪┤ ┌й█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т█Ф
- ╪и╪з╪и ╪п┘И┘Е – ╪н┌й┘Е╪к: ╪з╪│ ╪и╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪н┌й┘Е╪к ┌й█Т ╪и╪з╪▒█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и╪з╪к ┌й█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘И█Б ╪з┘Ж ╪н┌й█М┘Е┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪и╪▓╪▒┌п╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪и╪з╪▒█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и╪з╪к ┌й╪▒╪к█Т █Б█М┌║ ╪м┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ╪к╪м╪▒╪и╪з╪к ╪│█Т ╪│█М┌й┌╛╪з ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п┘И╪│╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪│┌й┌╛╪з█М╪з█Ф
- ╪и╪з╪и ╪│┘И┘Е – ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М╪з╪к: █М█Б╪з┌║ ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з┌Ж┌╛█Т ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪▓┘И╪▒ ╪п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ┌й█Б╪з ┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪з╪╡┘Д ╪│╪▒┘Е╪з╪ж█Т ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪з┌Ж┌╛█Т ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В █Б█М┌║█Ф
- ╪и╪з╪и ┌Ж█Б╪з╪▒┘Е – ╪з┘Ж╪╡╪з┘Б: ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з╪│ ╪и╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з┘Ж╪╡╪з┘Б ┌й█Т ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д┘И┌║ ┘╛╪▒ ╪▒┘И╪┤┘Ж█М ┌И╪з┘Д█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒┘Е█М╪з┘Ж ╪╣╪п┘Д ┘И ╪з┘Ж╪╡╪з┘Б ┌й┘И ┘В╪з╪ж┘Е ╪▒┌й┌╛┘Ж█Т ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪и╪к╪з╪ж█М ┌п╪ж█М █Б█Т█Ф
- ╪и╪з╪и ┘╛┘Ж╪м┘Е – ┘Е╪н╪и╪к: ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ┘Е╪н╪и╪к ┌й█М ╪н┘В█М┘В╪к ┌й┘И ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┘Е╪╖╪з╪и┘В╪М ┘Е╪н╪и╪к ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪▒┘И╪н╪з┘Ж█М╪к ┌й█М ╪к╪▒┘В█М ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪╢╪▒┘И╪▒█М █Б█Т╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ █М█Б ╪з█М┌й ┘╛╪з┌й█М╪▓█Б ╪м╪░╪и█Б █Б█Т█Ф
- ╪и╪з╪и ╪┤╪┤┘Е – ┘Е╪│┌й╪▒╪з█Б┘╣: ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з╪│ ╪и╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪│┌й╪▒╪з█Б┘╣ ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ┌й┘И ╪и╪к╪з█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ┌й█Б╪з ┌й█Б ╪з█М┌й ┘Е╪│┌й╪▒╪з█Б┘╣ ╪│█Т ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒┘Е█М╪з┘Ж ┘Е╪н╪и╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В╪з╪к ┌й┘И ╪и┌С┌╛╪з█М╪з ╪м╪з ╪│┌й╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф
- ╪и╪з╪и █Б┘Б╪к┘Е – ╪и╪▒█Т ┌й╪з┘Е┘И┌║ ╪│█Т ╪и┌Ж┘Ж╪з: ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘Ж ╪и╪▒█Т ╪з╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д ╪│█Т ╪и┌Ж┘Ж█Т ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪и╪к╪з╪ж█М █Б█Т ╪м┘И ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ┌п╪▒╪з┘И┘╣ ┌й╪з ╪и╪з╪╣╪л ╪и┘Ж╪к█Т █Б█М┌║█Ф
- ╪и╪з╪и █Б╪┤╪к┘Е – ╪к┘В╪п█М╪▒: ╪з╪│ ╪и╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪к┘В╪п█М╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘В╪│┘Е╪к ┌й█Т ╪и╪з╪▒█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и╪з╪к ┌й█М █Б█Т█Ф
“┌п┘Д╪│╪к╪з┘Ж” ┌й█М ╪о╪╡┘И╪╡█М╪з╪к
“┌п┘Д╪│╪к╪з┘Ж” ┌й█М ╪│╪и ╪│█Т ╪и┌С█М ╪о╪╡┘И╪╡█М╪к ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪│╪з╪п┌п█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪л╪▒ ╪з┘Ж┌п█М╪▓█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪│┘Д█М╪│ ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪п┘Д┘Ж╪┤█М┘Ж ╪и┘Ж╪з█М╪з█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪н╪▒█М╪▒ ┌й█М ╪│╪з╪п┌п█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪н┌й┘Е╪к ┘Ж█Т ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┌й┘И ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ╪┤╪з█Б┌й╪з╪▒ ╪и┘Ж╪з ╪п█М╪з╪М ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з╪│█Т ╪╣╪з┘Д┘Е█М ╪з╪п╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и┌╛█М ╪з█М┌й ╪з█Б┘Е ┘Е┘В╪з┘Е ╪п┘Д╪з█М╪з█Ф ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┌й█Т ╪м┘Е┘Д█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪┤╪╣╪з╪▒ ╪╣┘И╪з┘Е█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪│╪к╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д █Б┘И┘Ж█Т ┘И╪з┘Д█Т ┘Е╪н╪з┘И╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪┤┌й┘Д ╪з╪о╪к█М╪з╪▒ ┌й╪▒ ┌п╪ж█Т╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘Ж╪╡█М╪н╪к█М┌║ ╪в╪м ╪и┌╛█М ┘Д┘И┌п┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М┘И┌║ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪▒┌й┌╛╪к█М █Б█М┌║█Ф
- ╪з╪о╪к╪╡╪з╪▒: ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┌й█М ╪к╪н╪▒█М╪▒ ┌й█М ╪│╪и ╪│█Т ╪и┌С█М ╪о╪╡┘И╪╡█М╪к ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪з╪о╪к╪╡╪з╪▒ █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ╪│╪з╪п█Б ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Е╪о╪к╪╡╪▒ ╪м┘Е┘Д┘И┌║ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘╛█М┌Ж█М╪п█Б ╪з┘И╪▒ ┌п█Б╪▒█М ╪и╪з╪к█М┌║ ╪и█М╪з┘Ж ┌й█М █Б█М┌║█Ф
- ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к: ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ┌й█Б╪з┘Ж█М┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪│╪и┘В ╪п█М╪з█Ф █М█Б ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪к╪п╪и╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪н┌й┘Е╪к ┘╛╪▒ ┘Е╪и┘Ж█М █Б█М┌║ ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪▒┘И╪н╪з┘Ж█М ┘╛█Б┘Д┘И╪д┌║ ┌й┘И ╪и┌╛█М ╪з╪м╪з┌п╪▒ ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф
- ┘Е╪▓╪з╪н ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪╖┘Ж╪▓: ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪к╪н╪▒█М╪▒┘И┌║ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪▓╪з╪н ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪╖┘Ж╪▓ ┌й┘И ╪и┌╛█М ╪з╪│╪к╪╣┘Е╪з┘Д ┌й█М╪з╪М ╪м╪│ ╪│█Т ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┌й┘И ╪з█М┌й ╪п┘Д┌Ж╪│┘╛ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪п┘Д ┘Д┌п╪з┘Ж ┘И╪з┘Д╪з ╪з┘Ж╪п╪з╪▓ ╪п█М╪з█Ф ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ┘Е╪╣╪з╪┤╪▒╪к█М ╪и╪▒╪з╪ж█М┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪и█Т ╪з┘Ж╪╡╪з┘Б█М┘И┌║ ┌й╪з ┌й┌╛┘Д ┌й╪▒ ┘Е╪░╪з┘В ╪з┌С╪з█М╪з█Ф
“┌п┘Д╪│╪к╪з┘Ж” ┌й█М ╪╣╪з┘Д┘Е█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к
“┌п┘Д╪│╪к╪з┘Ж” ┌й┘И ╪╣╪з┘Д┘Е█М ╪з╪п╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ┌п█Б╪▒╪з╪ж█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪│╪з╪п┌п█М ┌й█М ┘И╪м█Б ╪│█Т ╪и█Т ┘╛┘Ж╪з█Б ┘╛╪░█М╪▒╪з╪ж█М ╪н╪з╪╡┘Д █Б┘И╪ж█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┌й╪з ╪к╪▒╪м┘Е█Б ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┘Е█М┌║ ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з █Б█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ █М█Б ╪п┘Ж█М╪з ╪и┌╛╪▒ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Д┘И┌п┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М┘И┌║ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪▒┌й┌╛╪к█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪к╪з╪и ┌й█М ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪│╪и┘В ╪в╪м ╪и┌╛█М ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й┘И ╪и█Б╪к╪▒ ╪и┘Ж╪з┘Ж█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪п╪п┌п╪з╪▒ ╪л╪з╪и╪к █Б┘И ╪▒█Б█Т █Б█М┌║█Ф
╪┤█М╪о ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┌й█М ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪│╪и┘В:
- ┘Е╪н╪и╪к: ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪к╪н╪▒█М╪▒┘И┌║ ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪н╪и╪к ┌й┘И ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪│╪и ╪│█Т ╪и┌С█М ╪о┘И╪и█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Б╪╖╪▒╪к ┌й╪з ╪н╪╡█Б ┘В╪▒╪з╪▒ ╪п█М╪з█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┘Е╪╖╪з╪и┘В ┘Е╪н╪и╪к ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪з╪▒╪к┘В╪з╪б ┌й╪з ╪з█Б┘Е ╪м╪▓┘И █Б█Т█Ф
- ╪п┘И╪│╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ╪н╪│┘Ж ╪│┘Д┘И┌й: ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т █Б┘Е█М╪┤█Б ╪п┘И╪│╪▒┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ╪н╪│┘Ж ╪│┘Д┘И┌й ┌й╪▒┘Ж█Т ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪▓┘И╪▒ ╪п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ┌й█Б╪з ┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В ╪│█Т ┘Д┘И┌п┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪п┘Д┘И┌║ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪м┌п█Б ╪и┘Ж╪з┘Ж█М ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т█Ф
- ╪╡╪и╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪к╪н┘Е┘Д: ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┘Е█М┌║ ╪╡╪и╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪к╪н┘Е┘Д ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪и╪к╪з╪ж█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ┌й█Б╪з ┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И ┘Е╪┤┌й┘Д╪з╪к ┌й╪з ┘Е┘В╪з╪и┘Д█Б ┌й╪▒╪к█Т █Б┘И╪ж█Т ╪╡╪и╪▒ ┌й╪з ╪п╪з┘Е┘Ж █Б╪з╪к┌╛ ╪│█Т ┘Ж█Б█М┌║ ┌Ж┌╛┘И┌С┘Ж╪з ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т█Ф
- ╪│┌Ж╪з╪ж█М: ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┘Ж█Т ╪│┌Ж╪з╪ж█М ┌й┘И ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й╪з ╪│╪и ╪│█Т ╪и┌С╪з ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д ┘В╪▒╪з╪▒ ╪п█М╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┘Е╪╖╪з╪и┘В ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И █Б┘Е█М╪┤█Б ╪│┌Ж ╪и┘И┘Д┘Ж╪з ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т╪М ┌Ж╪з█Б█Т ╪н╪з┘Д╪з╪к ╪м█М╪│█Т ╪и┌╛█М █Б┘И┌║█Ф
┘Ж╪к█М╪м█Б
“┌п┘Д╪│╪к╪з┘Ж” ╪┤█М╪о ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┌й█М ╪з█М┌й ╪и█Т ┘Е╪л┘Д ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪╣╪╕█М┘Е ╪к╪╡┘Ж█М┘Б █Б█Т╪М ╪м┘И ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ┌й╪з ╪з█М┌й ╪│┘Ж┌п ┘Е█М┘Д █Б█Т ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪╣╪з┘Д┘Е█М ╪з╪п╪и ┌й╪з ╪и┌╛█М ╪з█М┌й ┘Д╪з╪▓┘И╪з┘Д ╪н╪╡█Б ╪и┘Ж ┌Ж┌й█М █Б█Т█Ф ╪│╪╣╪п█М ┌й█М ╪н┌й╪з█М╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ┘Ж╪╡█М╪н╪к█М┌║ ╪в╪м ╪и┌╛█М ┘Д┘И┌п┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ╪и█Б╪к╪▒ ╪и┘Ж╪з┘Ж█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪п╪п┌п╪з╪▒ ╪л╪з╪и╪к █Б┘И ╪▒█Б█М █Б█М┌║█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪│╪з╪п█Б╪М ┘Е┌п╪▒ ┌п█Б╪▒█М ╪к╪н╪▒█М╪▒ ╪в╪м ╪и┌╛█М ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒┘Е█М╪з┘Ж ┘Е╪н╪и╪к╪М ╪н╪│┘Ж ╪│┘Д┘И┌й ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ┘Б╪▒┘И╪║ ╪п█М╪к█М █Б█Т█Ф “┌п┘Д╪│╪к╪з┘Ж” ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪з█М┌й ┌й╪к╪з╪и █Б█Т ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж█М╪к ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪з█М┌й ╪з█М╪│╪з ╪▒█Б┘Ж┘Е╪з ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д █Б█Т ╪м╪│ ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ╪╡╪н█М╪н ╪з╪╡┘И┘Д┘И┌║ ┘╛╪▒ ╪╣┘Е┘Д ┌й█М╪з ╪м╪з ╪│┌й╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф
Sheikh Saadi Shirazi and His Work “Gulistan”
Sheikh Saadi Shirazi, considered one of the greatest poets and philosophers of Persian literature, was a famous Persian writer, poet, and scholar of the 13th century. His full name was “Sheikh Abu Muhammad Mushrif al-Din Saadi,” and he gained global fame for the depth of his thoughts, his philosophy of life, and his moral teachings. His renowned work Gulistan (The Rose Garden) is not only a masterpiece of Persian literature but has also had a profound impact on world literature.
Sheikh Saadi’s Life: Sheikh Saadi Shirazi was born around 1210, and he was a resident of Shiraz, Iran. His early education took place in Shiraz, after which he traveled to Baghdad and other intellectual centers to further his studies. Saadi spent much of his life in various countries, where he closely observed different civilizations, religions, and social systems. A portion of his life was spent during invasions, wars, and captivity. These experiences and observations are reflected in his writings.
Creation of Gulistan: Gulistan was created in 1258 when Saadi had already become an experienced scholar. This book is a collection of prose and poetry, which presents various aspects of life, moral advice, and true stories. Saadi emphasized humanity, good conduct, and social relationships in this work. Not only does Gulistan provide moral lessons and fundamental principles of human life, but the tales and stories within it also reflect the social realities of that time.
Themes of Gulistan: The themes of Gulistan focus on the realities of life, good deeds of a person, and the inner qualities of an individual. The book consists of 8 chapters, in which Saadi discusses moral teachings, human nature, true love, human relationships, and social principles. In each chapter, Saadi conveys his thoughts through concise, simple, and profound stories that people continue to apply in their everyday lives.
- Chapter One – Etiquette of Companionship: In this chapter, Sheikh Saadi discusses the importance of good behavior, hard work, and honesty in human relationships, focusing on maintaining good relations between people.
- Chapter Two – Wisdom: This chapter discusses wisdom, where Saadi talks about the sages and elders who learned from their life experiences and taught others.
- Chapter Three – Morality: Saadi emphasizes the importance of good morals, stating that a personтАЩs true wealth lies in their good character.
- Chapter Four – Justice: Saadi highlights the principles of justice in this chapter, stressing the importance of upholding justice and fairness among people.
- Chapter Five – Love: Saadi discusses the reality of love, asserting that love is essential for the spiritual development of a person and is a pure emotion.
- Chapter Six – Smiling: In this chapter, Saadi talks about the importance of a smile, claiming that a smile can foster love and relationships between people.
- Chapter Seven – Avoiding Bad Actions: Saadi discusses the importance of avoiding actions that lead to moral degradation.
- Chapter Eight – Fate: In this chapter, Saadi explores the concepts of fate and a personтАЩs destiny.
Characteristics of Gulistan: The greatest characteristic of Gulistan is the simplicity and effectiveness of its language. Saadi not only made Persian language lucid but also delightful. The simplicity and wisdom of his writing have not only made this book a masterpiece in Persian literature but have also earned it an important place in world literature. Saadi’s phrases and verses have become popular proverbs, and his advice continues to hold significance in people’s lives today.
- Brevity: One of the key features of SaadiтАЩs writing is its brevity. He conveys complex and profound ideas in simple and concise sentences.
- Stories: Through his stories and tales, Saadi imparts moral lessons. These stories are not only based on wisdom and reflection but also highlight the spiritual aspects of human beings.
- Humor and Satire: Saadi also employed humor and satire in his writings, giving the book an engaging and entertaining style. He openly mocked social evils and injustices.
Global Significance of Gulistan: Gulistan has received immense acclaim in world literature for its moral depth and simplicity. The book has been translated into various languages and holds significance in the lives of people across the world. The stories and moral lessons from Gulistan continue to help improve human lives.
Sheikh Saadi’s Tales and Moral Teachings:
- Love: In his writings, Saadi considered love as the greatest virtue and a natural part of human nature. According to him, love is an essential element of a personтАЩs moral development.
- Good Conduct with Others: Saadi always emphasized the importance of treating others with kindness. He believed that a person should win the hearts of others through their good character.
- Patience and Forbearance: Saadi highlighted the importance of patience and forbearance in life, asserting that one should never lose patience in the face of difficulties.
- Truthfulness: Saadi considered truthfulness to be the greatest principle in life, encouraging people to always speak the truth regardless of circumstances.
Conclusion: Gulistan is a unique and magnificent work by Sheikh Saadi, which is not only a milestone in Persian literature but has also become an eternal part of world literature. SaadiтАЩs tales and moral advice continue to help improve peopleтАЩs lives. His simple yet profound writing promotes love, good conduct, and moral principles among people even today. Gulistan is not just a book; it is a guiding principle for humanity, offering a way to live according to the true principles of life.
┘Ж╪╡╪з╪и ╪м╪п█М╪п ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪н┌й█М┘Е ╪░┌й█М ╪з╪н┘Е╪п ╪о╪з┘Ж
┘Ж╪╡╪з╪и ╪м╪п█М╪п ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М╪М ╪м┘И 20┘И█М┌║ ╪╡╪п█М ┌й█Т ╪в╪║╪з╪▓ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪к╪┤┌й█М┘Д ┘╛╪з█М╪з╪М ┘Ж█Т ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪п╪▒█М╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ┘Ж█М╪з ╪▒╪о ┘Е╪к╪╣╪з╪▒┘Б ┌й╪▒╪з█М╪з█Ф ╪з╪│ ┘Ж╪╡╪з╪и ┌й█М ╪к█М╪з╪▒█М ┘Е█М┌║ ╪м┘Ж ╪и╪▓╪▒┌п┘И┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│┌й╪з┘Д╪▒╪▓ ┘Ж█Т ╪з█Б┘Е ┌й╪▒╪п╪з╪▒ ╪з╪п╪з ┌й█М╪з╪М ╪з┘Ж ┘Е█М┌║ ╪н┌й█М┘Е ╪░┌й█М ╪з╪н┘Е╪п ╪о╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ┘Ж╪з┘Е ┘Ж┘Е╪з█М╪з┌║ █Б█Т█Ф ╪н┌й█М┘Е ╪░┌й█М ╪з╪н┘Е╪п ╪о╪з┘Ж ┘Ж█Т ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪з╪▒╪п┘И ╪з╪п╪и ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┘Е█М┌║ ┌п█Б╪▒█Т ╪з╪л╪▒╪з╪к ┘Е╪▒╪к╪и ┌й█М█Т ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪╣┘Д█М┘Е█М ╪о╪п┘Е╪з╪к ┘Ж█Т ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ┌й█М ╪к╪п╪▒█М╪│ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪к╪▒┘И█М╪м ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ┘Ж╪ж█Т ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й╪з ╪в╪║╪з╪▓ ┌й█М╪з█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ┘Ж╪╡╪з╪и ╪м╪п█М╪п ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ┌й█Т ┘Е█М╪п╪з┘Ж ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Ж┘Е╪з█М╪з┌║ ┘Е┘В╪з┘Е ╪▒┌й┌╛╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф
╪н┌й█М┘Е ╪░┌й█М ╪з╪н┘Е╪п ╪о╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪к╪╣╪з╪▒┘Б
╪н┌й█М┘Е ╪░┌й█М ╪з╪н┘Е╪п ╪о╪з┘Ж ╪з█М┌й ┘Е╪┤█Б┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│┌й╪з┘Д╪▒╪М ╪з╪п█М╪и╪М ┘Е╪к╪▒╪м┘Е ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒ ╪к┌╛█Т╪М ╪м┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М╪М ╪╣╪▒╪и█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪▒╪п┘И ╪з╪п╪и ┘╛╪▒ ┌п█Б╪▒█Т ╪з╪л╪▒╪з╪к ┘Е╪▒╪к╪и ┌й█М█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┘╛█М╪п╪з╪ж╪┤ 1860 ┌й█М ╪п█Б╪з╪ж█М ┘Е█М┌║ █Б┘И╪ж█М█Ф ┘И█Б ╪з█М┌й ╪и┌С█Т ╪╣╪з┘Д┘Е ╪о╪з┘Ж╪п╪з┘Ж ╪│█Т ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В ╪▒┌й┌╛╪к█Т ╪к┌╛█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪и┌Ж┘╛┘Ж ╪│█Т █Б█М ╪╣┘Д┘Е ┌й█М ╪╖╪▒┘Б ╪▒╪║╪и╪к ╪▒┌й┌╛╪к█Т ╪к┌╛█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪╣┘Д█М┘Е█М ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█Т ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ╪з█М┌й ╪о╪з╪╡ ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В ╪к┌╛╪з╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ┌й█Т ┘Е╪к╪╣╪п╪п ╪з╪│╪з╪к╪░█Б ╪│█Т ╪к╪╣┘Д█М┘Е ╪н╪з╪╡┘Д ┌й█М█Ф ╪н┌й█М┘Е ╪░┌й█М ╪з╪н┘Е╪п ╪о╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪о╪п┘Е╪з╪к ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪к╪п╪▒█М╪│ ╪к┌й ┘Е╪н╪п┘И╪п ┘Ж█Б█М┌║ ╪к┌╛█М┌║ ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ┌й█Т ╪з╪п╪и ┌й┘И ╪з█М┌й ┘Ж█М╪з ╪в█Б┘Ж┌п ╪п█М╪з╪М ╪м╪│ ╪│█Т ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ┌й┘И ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б █Б┘Ж╪п┘И╪│╪к╪з┘Ж ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪п█М┌п╪▒ ┘Е┘Е╪з┘Д┌й ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и┌╛█М ┘╛╪░█М╪▒╪з╪ж█М ╪н╪з╪╡┘Д █Б┘И╪ж█М█Ф
╪н┌й█М┘Е ╪░┌й█М ╪з╪н┘Е╪п ╪о╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ┘Ж╪╡╪з╪и ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й╪з ┘╛╪│ ┘Е┘Ж╪╕╪▒
╪н┌й█М┘Е ╪░┌й█М ╪з╪н┘Е╪п ╪о╪з┘Ж ┘Ж█Т ╪м╪п█М╪п ┘Ж╪╡╪з╪и ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ┌й┘И ╪к╪▒╪к█М╪и ╪п█М┘Ж█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█Б┘Е ┌й╪▒╪п╪з╪▒ ╪з╪п╪з ┌й█М╪з█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪з╪│ ┘Ж╪╡╪з╪и ┌й╪з ┘Е┘В╪╡╪п ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ┌й┘И ╪з█М┌й ╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪╖┘И╪▒ ┘╛╪▒ ╪│█М┌й┌╛╪з┘Ж╪з ╪к┌╛╪з ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ╪з█М╪▒╪з┘Ж█М ╪з┘И╪▒ █Б┘Ж╪п┘И╪│╪к╪з┘Ж█М ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В╪з╪к ┌й┘И ╪и┌╛█М ┘Б╪▒┘И╪║ ╪п█М┘Ж╪з ╪к┌╛╪з█Ф ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ┌й╪з ┘Ж╪╡╪з╪и ╪м╪п█М╪п ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪к┘В╪з╪╢┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ┘Е╪╖╪з╪и┘В ╪к╪┤┌й█М┘Д ╪п█М╪з ┌п█М╪з ╪к┌╛╪з╪М ╪м╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ┌й┘Д╪з╪│█М┌й█М ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█Т ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ╪м╪п█М╪п ╪┤╪╣╪▒ ┘И ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М╪М ┘Б┘Д╪│┘Б█Б╪М ╪│╪з╪ж┘Ж╪│█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪п╪и█М ┘Е┘И╪╢┘И╪╣╪з╪к ┘╛╪▒ ╪и┌╛█М ╪▓┘И╪▒ ╪п█М╪з ┌п█М╪з ╪к┌╛╪з█Ф
╪н┌й█М┘Е ╪░┌й█М ╪з╪н┘Е╪п ╪о╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┘Ж╪╡╪з╪и ┌й╪з ╪│╪и ╪│█Т ╪з█Б┘Е ┘╛█Б┘Д┘И █М█Б ╪к┌╛╪з ┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ┘В╪п█М┘Е ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ┌й┘И ╪и╪▒┘В╪▒╪з╪▒ ╪▒┌й┌╛╪з╪М ┘Е┌п╪▒ ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ █Б█М ╪з╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪м╪п█М╪п ╪з╪п╪и█М ┘Ж╪╕╪▒█М╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│┘Д┘И╪и ┌й┘И ╪и┌╛█М ╪┤╪з┘Е┘Д ┌й█М╪з█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з █М█Б ┘Ж╪╡╪з╪и ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ┌й█Т ╪│█М┌й┌╛┘Ж█Т ┘И╪з┘Д┘И┌║ ┌й┘И ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ╪│┌й┌╛╪з┘Ж█Т ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪к┌╛╪з ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И ╪з█М╪▒╪з┘Ж█М ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к╪М ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о╪М ┘Б┘Д╪│┘Б█Б╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪┤╪╣╪▒ ┘И ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█М ┌п█Б╪▒█М ╪│┘Е╪м┌╛ ╪и┌╛█М ┘Б╪▒╪з█Б┘Е ┌й╪▒╪к╪з ╪к┌╛╪з█Ф
┘Ж╪╡╪з╪и ┌й╪з ┘Е┘В╪╡╪п
╪н┌й█М┘Е ╪░┌й█М ╪з╪н┘Е╪п ╪о╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ┘Е┘В╪╡╪п ╪╡╪▒┘Б ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪п╪▒█М╪│ ┘Ж█Б█М┌║ ╪к┌╛╪з ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ┘И█Б ┌Ж╪з█Б╪к█Т ╪к┌╛█Т ┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┘Ж╪╡╪з╪и ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ┘Ж╪ж█М ┘Ж╪│┘Д ┌й┘И ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪з╪п╪и ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к╪М ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Б┘Д╪│┘Б█Б ┌й╪з ╪┤╪╣┘И╪▒ ╪н╪з╪╡┘Д █Б┘И█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪о█М╪з┘Д ╪к┌╛╪з ┌й█Б ╪з╪п╪и ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪к╪▒╪и█М╪к ┌й╪з ╪з█М┌й ╪з█Б┘Е ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Б █Б█Т ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│█Т ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪╣┘Д█М┘Е ╪к┌й ┘Е╪н╪п┘И╪п ┘Ж█Б█М┌║ ┌й╪▒┘Ж╪з ┌Ж╪з█Б█М█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┘Ж╪╡╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и┘Ж█М╪з╪п█М ╪╖┘И╪▒ ┘╛╪▒ ╪к█М┘Ж ╪з█Б┘Е ┘╛█Б┘Д┘И ╪к┌╛█Т:
- ╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪╣┘Д█М┘Е: ╪н┌й█М┘Е ╪░┌й█М ╪з╪н┘Е╪п ╪о╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┘Ж╪╡╪з╪и ┌й╪з ╪и┘Ж█М╪з╪п█М ┘Е┘В╪╡╪п ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ╪│┌й┌╛╪з┘Ж╪з ╪к┌╛╪з█Ф ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ┌й┘И ╪з█М┌й ┘В╪п█М┘Е ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к█М ╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪╖┘И╪▒ ┘╛╪▒ ┘╛█М╪┤ ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з ╪к┌╛╪з╪М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ╪о┘И╪и╪╡┘И╪▒╪к ╪к╪н╪▒█М╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ┌п┘Б╪к╪з╪▒ ┌й┘И ╪│█М┌й┌╛┘Ж█Т ┘╛╪▒ ╪▓┘И╪▒ ╪п█М╪з ┌п█М╪з█Ф
- ╪з╪п╪и ┌й╪з ┘Е╪╖╪з┘Д╪╣█Б: ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█Т ┌й┘Д╪з╪│█М┌й█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪м╪п█М╪п ╪п┘И┘Ж┘И┌║ ╪н╪╡┘И┌║ ┘╛╪▒ ╪о╪╡┘И╪╡█М ╪к┘И╪м█Б ╪п█М ┌п╪ж█М█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪о█М╪з┘Д ╪к┌╛╪з ┌й█Б ╪з╪п╪и ┌й╪з ┘Е╪╖╪з┘Д╪╣█Б ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪░█Б┘Ж█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Б┌й╪▒█М ╪к╪▒┘В█М ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪╢╪▒┘И╪▒█М █Б█Т█Ф
- ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о ┌й╪з ╪┤╪╣┘И╪▒: ┘Ж╪╡╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█Т ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ╪│╪з╪к┌╛ ╪з█М╪▒╪з┘Ж█М ╪з┘И╪▒ █Б┘Ж╪п┘И╪│╪к╪з┘Ж█М ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к╪М ╪к╪з╪▒█М╪о ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Б┘Д╪│┘Б█Б ┌й┘И ╪и┌╛█М ╪┤╪з┘Е┘Д ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з ╪к╪з┌й█Б ╪╖┘Д╪и█Б ╪п┘И┘Ж┘И┌║ ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒┘Е█М╪з┘Ж ╪к╪╣┘Д┘В ┌й┘И ╪│┘Е╪м┌╛ ╪│┌й█М┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪п╪▒┘Е█М╪з┘Ж ┘Е┘И╪м┘И╪п ┘Е╪┤╪к╪▒┌й╪з╪к ┌й┘И ╪м╪з┘Ж ╪│┌й█М┌║█Ф
╪н┌й█М┘Е ╪░┌й█М ╪з╪н┘Е╪п ╪о╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪з╪│┘Д┘И╪и ╪к╪п╪▒█М╪│
╪н┌й█М┘Е ╪░┌й█М ╪з╪н┘Е╪п ╪о╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪к╪п╪▒█М╪│█М ╪з╪│┘Д┘И╪и ╪и█Б╪к ┘Е┘Ж┘Б╪▒╪п ╪к┌╛╪з█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┘Е╪╖╪з╪и┘В╪М ╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪з┘Д┘Б╪з╪╕ ┌й╪з ┘Е╪м┘Е┘И╪╣█Б ┘Ж█Б█М┌║ █Б┘И╪к█М╪М ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪▒┘И╪н ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│ ┌й█М ┘Б┌й╪▒█М ╪╡┘Д╪з╪н█М╪к┘И┌║ ┌й█М ╪к╪▒╪и█М╪к ┌й█М ╪м╪з╪к█М █Б█Т█Ф ┘И█Б ╪з┘╛┘Ж█Т ╪╖┘Д╪и█Б ┌й┘И ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ╪│┌й┌╛╪з╪к█Т ╪к┌╛█Т ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж█Б█М┌║ ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к╪М ╪з╪о┘Д╪з┘В█М ╪з┘В╪п╪з╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪│┌Ж╪з╪ж█М ┌й█Т ╪и╪з╪▒█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и┌╛█М ╪в┌п╪з█Б ┌й╪▒╪к█Т ╪к┌╛█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪о█М╪з┘Д ╪к┌╛╪з ┌й█Б ╪з╪п╪и ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪з┘Ж╪п╪▒ ╪┤╪╣┘И╪▒ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪и╪╡█М╪▒╪к ┘╛█М╪п╪з ┌й╪▒╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф
╪н┌й█М┘Е ╪░┌й█М ╪з╪н┘Е╪п ╪о╪з┘Ж ┘Ж█Т ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ┌й█Т ┌й┘Д╪з╪│█М┌й█М ╪┤╪╣╪▒╪з╪б ╪м█М╪│█Т ╪н╪з┘Б╪╕╪М ╪│╪╣╪п█М╪М ┘Е┘И┘Д┘И█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Б╪▒╪п┘И╪│█М ┌й█Т ╪з╪┤╪╣╪з╪▒ ┌й┘И ┘Ж╪╡╪з╪и ┌й╪з ╪н╪╡█Б ╪и┘Ж╪з█М╪з ╪к╪з┌й█Б ╪╖┘Д╪и█Б ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ┌й█Т ╪з╪п╪и█М ┘И╪▒╪л█Т ╪│█Т ╪в┌п╪з█Б █Б┘И┌║█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ┘Е╪з┘Ж┘Ж╪з ╪к┌╛╪з ┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж ╪┤╪╣╪▒╪з╪б ┌й█Т ╪з╪┤╪╣╪з╪▒ ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ╪│█М┌й┌╛┘Ж█Т ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Е╪п╪п┌п╪з╪▒ █Б█М┌║ ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж ┌й┘И ╪▓┘Ж╪п┌п█М ┌й█Т ┌п█Б╪▒█Т ┘Е┘Б█Б┘И┘Е ╪│█Т ╪и┌╛█М ╪▒┘И╪┤┘Ж╪з╪│ ┌й╪▒╪з╪к█Т █Б█М┌║█Ф
┘Ж╪╡╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪м╪п█М╪п█М╪к ┌й█М ╪м┌╛┘Д┌й
╪н┌й█М┘Е ╪░┌й█М ╪з╪н┘Е╪п ╪о╪з┘Ж ┘Ж█Т ┘В╪п█М┘Е ╪з╪п╪и ┌й┘И ┘Ж╪ж█Т ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪к┘В╪з╪╢┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ┘Е╪╖╪з╪и┘В ┌И┌╛╪з┘Д┘Ж█Т ┌й█М ┌й┘И╪┤╪┤ ┌й█М█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ┘Ж╪╡╪з╪и ╪╡╪▒┘Б ┌й┘Д╪з╪│█М┌й█М ╪з╪п╪и ╪к┌й ┘Е╪н╪п┘И╪п ┘Ж█Б█М┌║ ╪к┌╛╪з ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ╪м╪п█М╪п ╪з╪п╪и╪М ╪│╪з╪ж┘Ж╪│█М ╪к╪▒┘В█М╪з╪к╪М ┘Б┘Д╪│┘Б█Б ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Б┘Ж┘И┘Ж ┘Д╪╖█М┘Б█Б ┌й┘И ╪и┌╛█М ┘Ж╪╡╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪┤╪з┘Е┘Д ┌й█М╪з█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й╪з ┘Е┘В╪╡╪п █М█Б ╪к┌╛╪з ┌й█Б ╪╖┘Д╪и█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪з█М┌й ┘В╪п█М┘Е ╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪п╪и ╪к┌й ┘Е╪н╪п┘И╪п ┘Ж█Б ╪▒█Б█М┌║ ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ┘И█Б ╪м╪п█М╪п ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█Т ┘Е╪│╪з╪ж┘Д ┌й┘И ╪и┌╛█М ╪│┘Е╪м┌╛█М┌║ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪н┘Д ╪к┘Д╪з╪┤ ┌й╪▒█М┌║█Ф
╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ╪м╪п█М╪п ╪┤╪╣╪▒╪з╪б ╪м█М╪│█Т ┘Е█М╪▒╪▓╪з ╪║╪з┘Д╪и ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з┘В╪и╪з┘Д ┌й█М ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ┌й┘И ╪и┌╛█М ┘Ж╪╡╪з╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ╪┤╪з┘Е┘Д ┌й█М╪з ╪к╪з┌й█Б ╪╖┘Д╪и█Б ┌й┘И ╪м╪п█М╪п ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪┤╪з╪╣╪▒█М ╪│█Т ╪и┌╛█М ╪в┌п╪з█Б ┌й█М╪з ╪м╪з ╪│┌й█Т█Ф ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪╣┘Д╪з┘И█Б╪М ╪н┌й█М┘Е ╪░┌й█М ╪з╪н┘Е╪п ╪о╪з┘Ж ┘Ж█Т ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ┘Е█М┌║ ┘Б┘Д╪│┘Б█М╪з┘Ж█Б ╪о█М╪з┘Д╪з╪к ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪│╪з╪ж┘Ж╪│█М ╪к╪▒┘В█М╪з╪к ┌й┘И ╪и┌╛█М ╪┤╪з┘Е┘Д ┌й█М╪з ╪к╪з┌й█Б ╪╖┘Д╪и█Б ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪з╪п╪и█М╪з╪к ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪п┘Ж█М╪з ┌й█Т ┘Е╪о╪к┘Д┘Б ╪┤╪╣╪и┘И┌║ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и┌╛█М ╪в┌п█Т ╪и┌С┌╛ ╪│┌й█М┌║█Ф
╪н┌й█М┘Е ╪░┌й█М ╪з╪н┘Е╪п ╪о╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪з╪л╪▒
╪н┌й█М┘Е ╪░┌й█М ╪з╪н┘Е╪п ╪о╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ╪з╪л╪▒ ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪п╪▒█М╪│ ┘╛╪▒ ╪и█Б╪к ┌п█Б╪▒╪з ╪▒█Б╪з█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪о╪п┘Е╪з╪к ┌й┘И ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б █Б┘Ж╪п┘И╪│╪к╪з┘Ж ┘Е█М┌║ ╪к╪│┘Д█М┘Е ┌й█М╪з ┌п█М╪з ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪п█М┌п╪▒ ┘Е┘Е╪з┘Д┌й ┘Е█М┌║ ╪и┌╛█М ╪з┘Ж ┌й█Т ┌й╪з┘Е ┌й┘И ╪│╪▒╪з█Б╪з ┌п█М╪з█Ф ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ╪з█М┌й ╪з█М╪│█М ╪и┘Ж█М╪з╪п ┘Б╪▒╪з█Б┘Е ┌й█М ╪м╪│ ┘╛╪▒ ╪и╪╣╪п ┌й█Т ╪з╪│┌й╪з┘Д╪▒╪▓ ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪п█М╪и ╪з┘╛┘Ж█М ╪к╪о┘Д█М┘В╪з╪к ┌й┘И ╪з╪│╪к┘И╪з╪▒ ┌й╪▒ ╪│┌й█Т█Ф
╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ┌й┘И ╪м╪п█М╪п ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪к┘В╪з╪╢┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ┘Е╪╖╪з╪и┘В ┌И┌╛╪з┘Д ┌й╪▒ ╪з╪│█Т ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б █Б┘Ж╪п┘И╪│╪к╪з┘Ж█М ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪╣╪з┘Д┘Е█М ╪│╪╖╪н ┘╛╪▒ ╪и┌╛█М ╪з█Б┘Е█М╪к ╪п█М█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ┘Ж╪╡╪з╪и ╪з╪│ ╪и╪з╪к ┌й█М ╪║┘Е╪з╪▓█М ┌й╪▒╪к╪з █Б█Т ┌й█Б ╪з╪п╪и ╪╡╪▒┘Б ┘Е╪з╪╢█М ┌й╪з ╪╣┌й╪з╪│ ┘Ж█Б█М┌║ █Б┘И╪к╪з╪М ╪и┘Д┌й█Б █М█Б ╪з█М┌й ╪▓┘Ж╪п█Б ╪н┘В█М┘В╪к █Б█Т ╪м┘И █Б╪▒ ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪к┘В╪з╪╢┘И┌║ ╪│█Т █Б┘Е ╪в█Б┘Ж┌п █Б┘И╪к█М █Б█Т█Ф
┘Ж╪к█М╪м█Б
╪н┌й█М┘Е ╪░┌й█М ╪з╪н┘Е╪п ╪о╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ┘Ж╪╡╪з╪и ╪м╪п█М╪п ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪п╪▒█М╪│ ┘Е█М┌║ ╪з█М┌й ╪│┘Ж┌п ┘Е█М┘Д ┌й█М ╪н█М╪л█М╪к ╪▒┌й┌╛╪к╪з █Б█Т█Ф ╪з┘Ж█Б┘И┌║ ┘Ж█Т ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪╣┘Д█М┘Е ┌й┘И ╪м╪п█М╪п ╪п┘И╪▒ ┌й█Т ╪к┘В╪з╪╢┘И┌║ ┌й█Т ┘Е╪╖╪з╪и┘В ┌И┌╛╪з┘Д╪з ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│█Т ╪з█М┌й ┘И╪│█М╪╣ ╪к╪▒ ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к█М╪М ╪з╪п╪и█М ╪з┘И╪▒ ┘Б┘Д╪│┘Б█М╪з┘Ж█Б ┘╛╪│ ┘Е┘Ж╪╕╪▒ ┘Б╪▒╪з█Б┘Е ┌й█М╪з█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ┌й╪з┘И╪┤█М┌║ ╪в╪м ╪и┌╛█М ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М ╪з╪п╪и ┌й█Т ╪╖┘Д╪и█Б ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪з╪│┌й╪з┘Д╪▒╪▓ ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪▒█Б┘Ж┘Е╪з╪ж█М ┌й╪з ╪и╪з╪╣╪л █Б█М┌║█Ф ╪з┘Ж ┌й╪з ┘Ж╪╡╪з╪и ┘Ж█Б ╪╡╪▒┘Б ╪▓╪и╪з┘Ж ┌й█М ╪к╪╣┘Д█М┘Е ┌й█Т ┘Д█М█Т ╪к┌╛╪з ╪и┘Д┌й█Б ╪з╪│ ┌й█Т ╪░╪▒█М╪╣█Т ╪з╪п╪и╪М ┘Б┘Д╪│┘Б█Б ╪з┘И╪▒ ╪л┘В╪з┘Б╪к ┌й█Т ┌п█Б╪▒█Т ┘Е┘Б╪з█Б█М┘Е ┌й┘И ╪╖┘Д╪и█Б ╪к┌й ┘╛█Б┘Ж┌Ж╪з█М╪з ┌п█М╪з█Ф
